Computer Graphics [CGR]

 Basic Concepts:

a. Define computer graphics and explain its significance.

b. Differentiate between raster and vector graphics.

Graphics Primitives:

a. Discuss the difference between points, lines, and polygons as graphics primitives.

b. Explain the concept of anti-aliasing in the context of computer graphics.

2D Transformations:

a. Describe the translation, rotation, and scaling transformations in 2D graphics.

b. Provide examples of homogeneous coordinates in 2D transformations.

Clipping and Windowing:

a. Explain the need for clipping in computer graphics.

b. Discuss the Cohen-Sutherland line-clipping algorithm.

3D Transformations:

a. Describe the translation, rotation, and scaling transformations in 3D graphics.

b. Explain the concept of perspective projection.

Hidden Surface Removal:

a. Discuss the challenges of hidden surface removal in 3D graphics.

b. Explain the Z-buffer algorithm.

Color Models:

a. Describe the RGB and CMY color models.

b. Explain the concept of color depth.

Rasterization:

a. Discuss the process of scan conversion in computer graphics.

b. Explain the Bresenham's line-drawing algorithm.

Computer Animation:

a. Define keyframes and in-betweening in computer animation.

b. Discuss the principles of skeletal animation.

Ray Tracing:

a. Explain the concept of ray tracing in computer graphics.

b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ray tracing.

OpenGL:

a. Describe the OpenGL graphics pipeline.

b. Explain the purpose of the Model-View-Projection (MVP) matrix in OpenGL.

Virtual Reality (VR):

a. Define virtual reality and its applications in computer graphics.

b. Discuss the challenges of achieving realism in virtual reality.

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Digital Techniques [DTE]

 Number Systems:

a. Convert the binary number 101010 to its decimal equivalent.

b. Explain the concept of two's complement in binary representation.

Logic Gates:

a. Implement the XOR gate using only NAND gates.

b. Explain the truth table for a half adder circuit.

Combinational Circuits:

a. Design a 4-to-1 multiplexer using basic logic gates.

b. Implement a full subtractor circuit.

Sequential Circuits:

a. Describe the operation of a D flip-flop.

b. Design a 3-bit binary counter using JK flip-flops.

Registers and Counters:

a. Explain the difference between a shift register and a parallel-in/serial-out register.

b. Design a 4-bit synchronous up-counter using T flip-flops.

Memory Units:

a. Define the terms RAM and ROM.

b. Explain the concept of memory decoding in digital systems.

Digital-to-Analog Conversion:

a. Describe the operation of a weighted resistor digital-to-analog converter.

b. Explain the purpose of a sample-and-hold circuit in digital-to-analog conversion.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion:

a. Discuss the successive approximation method for analog-to-digital conversion.

b. Explain the concept of quantization error in the context of analog-to-digital conversion.

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers:

a. Design an 8-to-1 multiplexer using 4-to-1 multiplexers.

b. Explain the function of a demultiplexer.

Digital Logic Families:

a. Compare and contrast TTL and CMOS logic families.

b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ECL logic.

Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs):

a. Describe the types of PLDs and their applications.

b. Explain the concept of a look-up table (LUT) in programmable logic.

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