A constant value is the one which does not change during the execution of a program. C supports several types of constants.
1. Integer constants
2. Real constants
3. Single character constant
4. String constants
Integer Constants
An integer constant is a sequence of digits. There are 3 types of integers namely decimal...
Saturday, 31 March 2018
Character Set, Keywords and Identifiers
Character Set
The character set in C language can be grouped into the following categories.
1. Letters
2. Digits
3. Special characters
4. White spaces
White spaces are ignored by...
Friend Function
The private member function can not be accessed from outside the class. The non Member function can not access private data.
Sometimes there can be situation where we would like two classes to share a particular function.
In such a case, c++ allows the common function to be made friendly with both classes and so allows the function to have access...
Array of Objects
Any object whether built in or user defined, can be stored in an array. When you declare the array, you tell the compiler the type of object to store and the number of objects for which to allocate room.
The compiler know how much room is...
Functions returning Objects
A function can not only receive the objects as argument but also returns objects from function.
Ex:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class complex
{
float x;
float y;
public:
void input(float real,float img)
{
x=real;
y=img;
}
friend complex sum(complex, complex);
void show(complex);
};
complex sum(complex c1, complex c2)
{
complex...
Object as Function Argument
An object can be used as a function argument.This can be done in two ways
1. Pass by value
2. Pass by reference
Pass by value :
In pass by value, a copy of entire object is passed to the function so any change made to the object inside the function do not affect the object used to call the function.
Pass by reference :
...
Static Member Function
Member function may also be declared static by prefixing the static keyword in the function definition header.
A static member function can have access to only other static members declared in the same class.
A static member function can be called by using its class name.
class_name::function_name( );
A static member function can not be...
Program Documentation
What is Documentation ?
Documentation consists of instructions for using a computer device of program.
Documentation can appear in a variety of forms, the most common being manuals.
When you buy a computer product (hardware or software), it almost always comes with one or more manuals that describe how to install...
Friday, 30 March 2018
Static Data Members
To create a static data member only you have to proceed a member variables declaration with static keyword.
All static variables are automatically to zero value , when the first object of the class is created. No other initialization is permitted.
Only one copy of static data member is created for the entire class and is shared by the objects of...
Destructor
A destructor is a special member function which is used to destroy the objects which has been created by constructor.
Name of the constructor is same as the class name.
Destructor is preceded by tilde symbol(~)
Ex. For the class Integer , Destructor is
~Integer( )
{
...
Constructor with default arguments
It is possible to define constructor with default arguments.
Default argument must be trailing arguments.
Default argument of the constructor can be overrides by sending the values from calling function.
Let consider
Complex(float real, float imag=0);
The Default value of the argument imag is zero.
The...
Constructor Overloading
Cpp permits to use the constructor like default, copy or parameterized constructor in the same class.
Constructor overloading means using multiple constructor in the class having different no og arguments and different types of argument.
Ex:
class abc
{
int m,n;
public:
abc( )
{
m=0;
n=0;
}
abc(int a, int b)
{
m=1;
...
Constructor
A constructor is a member function whose task is to allocate the memory and initialize the object of the class.
It's special member function because its name and class name is name.
The constructor in invoked whenever an object of its associated...
Access Control In Classes OR Access Modifiers
Access specifiers in C++ class defines the access control rules. C++ has 3 new keywords introduced, namely,
1. public
2. private
3. protected
These access specifiers are used to set boundaries for availability of members of class be it data members of members or member functions
Access specifiers in the program, are followed by a colon. You...
Memory Allocation for objects
Memory for the object is allocated when they are declared and not when class is specified.Since all the objects belonging to the same class use the same member function, no separate space is allocated for functions when objects are created.
But...
Thursday, 29 March 2018
Concept of API / Libraries
Application Programming Interface (API) is an interface in computer science that defines the ways by which an application program may request services from libraries and/ or operating system.It is a set of routines, protocols and tool for building software applications.
A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all...
Debugging a Program for Syntax Errors and Logical Errors
Debugging a Program for Syntax Errors
As compared to logical errors, syntax errors are much easier to locate and correct because almost all language processor are designed to detect syntax errors automatically.
A single syntax error often cause multiple error messages to be generated by the language processor.
Removal of the syntax error will result...
Testing a Program
For most programs, it is practically impossible to prove that the program is correct on all inputs.Instead, you must try to convince skeptics that it mostly works right, by testing the program on various inputs and documenting what you have done.
This documentation is called a test plan and you must provide one with each program.
The test plan describes...
Program Testing and Debugging
A software bug (or just "bug") is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, fault or "undocumented feature" in a computer program that prevents it from behaving as intended (e.g., producing an incorrect result).
Most bugs arise from mistakes and...
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