Inheritance

Inheritance is the process by which object of one class an acquire the properties of another class. Inheritance helps for software reusability in which new classes are created from existing classes by absorbing  their attributes and behaviors. If user want data member and member function of existing class, user can inherit data member and...

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Rules for Binary operator

Only existing can be overloaded. New operators can not be created. The overloaded operator must have at least one operand that is user defined type. We can not change the basic meaning of operator. Overloaded operator follows the syntax rules of the original operators. They can not be overridden There are some operators which can not be overloaded...

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Limitation OR Pitfalls of Operator Overloading

The prefix ++ or - notation (Ex  ++x  or  --x) cause a variable to be updated before its value is used in the expression , where as postfix ++ or -- notation (Ex  x++  or   x--)  Cause it to be updated after its value is used. However , the statement, ++s; Has exactly the same effect statement s++; When ++...

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Overloading Binary Operator

Binary operations are performed which require two operands to perform operations. To add two numbers generally we use statement like    C = sum(A,B);      //Functional Notation This functional Notation can be replaced by natural looking expression    C = A + B;             ...

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Overloading Unary Operator

First we consider the unary operator. Let consider unary operator unary minus ( - ) , when it is used, it takes just one operand. We know that unary minus (-) operator changes the sign of an operand when applied to basic data item. We have overloaded this operator so that it should be operated to an object in the same way as applied to an int or...

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Operator Overloading

Cpp allows user to overload most operators so that they should perform special operations relative to classes that user create. Cpp tries to make user defined data types behaves in much the same way as in built in types. Cpp permits us to add two variables of user defined types with the syntax that is applied to basic types. Cpp provides the operator...

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'new' and 'delete' Operators

In 'C' , we have used malloc( ), calloc( ), and realloc( ) function to allocate memory dynamically that is at the run time. 'C++' also provides these function but other than this it supports new unary operators 'new' and 'delete' to allocate and to free memory at run time in a better and easier way than the above functions. Advantages of using 'new'...

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'this' Pointer

We know that pointer is a variable which holds address of some other variable an we can access the data of another variable using pointer technique. 'this' is special type of pointer which holds the address of objects which invokes the member function of the class. Whenever any object calls its member function, 'this' pointer is automatically set...

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Function Returning Pointer Object

We know that function can return any data type. In the same way we can return pointer variable that is user defined pointer variable or system defined pointer variable from the function. The general syntax: returntype * functionname(Argument_list) { } Here returntype is the data type of the value which is returned by the function and functionname...

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Array of Pointers to Objects

We can create an array of objects using pointers. For this we can use following syntax. classname *pointer_var[size]; WAP to demonstrate array of pointers to objects #include<conio.h> #include<iostream.h> class emp { char name[20]; float age; public: void getdata( ); void putdata( ); }; void emp::getdata( ) { cout<<"\n\nEnter...

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Pointer To Object

As we create a simple object of class similarly we can create object of the pointer type of class. For Example if we have a class with the name item, then we can create an object for item class as item x; Whenever item is a class and x is an object of item class, similarly we can define object of the type pointer as item *ptr; There are two ways...

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Pointers to Strings

A string is an array of characters terminated by a special character called as a null character. Pointer to the string is a pointer which is initialized to the base address of the first location in string. Syntax for declaring a pointer to string. Datatype *pointer_variable; Ex : char *ptr; To initialize the pointer to the address of the string...

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Pointer in Arrays

Consider the declaration int b[5]; int *ptr; The pointer to array is given as below ptr=&b[0]; which is same as ptr=b; If the pointer is incremented to the next data elements , then address of the incremented value of the pointer will be same as the value of the next element. ptr=&b[0]           ...

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Pointers to Functions

1. Cpp allows functions to be referenced by a pointer. 2. A pointer to a function must be declared to be a pointer to the datatype returned by the functions like void , int , float and so on.... 3. In addition , the argument type of the function must also be specified when a pointer is declared. 4. The argument declaration is a list of a formal argument...

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