Reading CSV files without using any library | Python

Code: (Note: It will work only if you open your file with variable e) li=[]; for i in e: i=i.replace("\n","").split(","); li.append(i); e.close() Note the values are float , but in above list li , those are stored as string , you can further type cast to float using this below code: (Be careful in converting string to float , the first row can not be converted into float as those are column names , for rest of the rows you can perform conversion) li=[]; temp=0; for i in e: if(temp!=0): i=i.replace("\n","").split(","); gi=[]; for j in i: gi.append(float(j)); li.append(gi); else: i=i.replace("\n","").split(","); li.append(i); temp+=1; e.close() Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...



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Read a file line by line in Python

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readline & readlines | Python

Prerequisite: File Handling | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ENVe... Writing to file in Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYTx2... Append to a file | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SmQF... Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...



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Append to a file | Python

Prerequisite: File Handling | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ENVe... Writing to file in Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYTx2... Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...



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Writing to file in Python

Prerequisite: File Handling | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ENVe... Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...




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Assembly Language

➤Each family of processes has its own set of instructions, the set of instructions are called machine instructions

 ➤A processor understands only machine level language instructions which are strings of ones and zeros however machine level level language is to obscure and complex for use in software development. So coma the low level assembly language is designed for a specific family of processes that represents various instructions and symbolic code and IMO understandable form.

Advantages of Using Assembly Language
 

1. It allows complex jobs to run in a simpler way.
2. It is memory efficient, as it requires less memory.
3. It is faster in speed, as its execution time is less.
4. It is mainly hardware-oriented.
5. It requires less instruction to get the result.
6. It is used for critical jobs.
7. It is not required to keep track of memory locations.
8. It is a low-level embedded system.

Disadvantages of Assembly Language

1. It takes a lot of time and effort to write the code for the same.
2. It is very complex and difficult to understand.
3. The syntax is difficult to remember.
4. It has a lack of portability of program between different computer architectures.
5. It needs more size or memory of the computer to run the long programs written in Assembly Language.

Syntax of Assembly Language
 

An assembly program can be divided into three sections −

• The data section,
• The bss section, 
• The text section.

The data Section The data section is used for declaring initialized data or constants. This data does not change at runtime. You can declare various constant values, file names, or buffer size, etc., in this section. The syntax for declaring data section is − section.data
The bss Section The bss section is used for declaring variables. The syntax for declaring bss section is − section.bss
The text section The text section is used for keeping the actual code. This section must begin with the declaration global _start, which tells the kernel where the program execution begins. The syntax for declaring text section is − section.text global _start _start:

Assembler

• Assembler is a program that converts source code programs written in assembly language into object files in machine language. 
• Popular assembler has emerged over the year for the Intel family of processor this includes-

➤ TASM (Turbo Assembler from Borland)
➤ NASM (Netwide Assembler for both Window and Linux)
➤ GNU assembler distributed by the free software foundation.

Who should know assembly language?

 There are two primary reasons to learn assembly language: because you want to use it directly, or because you want to understand computers at a fundamental level.

From a practical standpoint, only a relative handful of the world’s engineers and computer scientists actually use assembly language.

The overwhelming majority of software development, including virtually all applications development of any kind, uses high level programming languages, and not assembly code. Some specific areas where assembly language gets used are:

 

• • Firmware
  • Operating systems
  • Device drivers
  • Language design
  • Compiler design
  • Embedded systems
  • Hardware design
  • Advanced cryptography
  • Theoretical computer science

The other reason to learn assembly language is just to gain a better understanding of what is actually going on deep in the guts of a computer.

 Assembly Language is easy to Learn, but hard to master!"

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ThE NeaR FuTuRe

Python is a high-level programming language that is widely used in various kinds of programming activities. Python is known for its object-oriented and interpreted features which make it dynamic. Python enables distinct programming on both smaller and large scale as it has a user-friendly and compact module, which increases the efficiency of applications. Python is mainly used for web-building applications and carrying out many automation activities of cloud and system. It has found its latest application in designing Artificial Intelligence.

Future Scope Of Python in India

Python is standout amongst the most common coding dialects of 2015. Close by the being an abnormal state and universally useful programming dialect, Python is likewise a protest arranged and open source. At the comparable time, a commendable number of engineers across the world have been making utilization of Python to make GUI applications and versatile applications.

It is one of the quickest developing dialects and has experienced an effective range of over 25 years to the extent its selection is concerned.

The programming dialect is by and by being utilized by various high-movement sites including Google, Yahoo Groups, Yahoo Maps, Shopzilla, and Web Therapy. Essentially, Python additionally finds endless use for making gaming, budgetary, logical, and informative applications.

This accomplishment also reveals a promising future degree of python programming lingo.

Why Python is so Popular?

The main reason behind the immense popularity of python programming language across the globe is the features it provides which can be followed as:-

1. Python supports multiple programming paradigm - Python is multi-paradigm programming language which has features like object-oriented, imerative, procedural, functional, reflective, etc.
2. Easy to code and write - Python has a simple, easy and readable code as compared to other programming languages like C, C++, JAVA .
3. Python has a rich and supportive community - The greatest part of other programming dialects have unpins issues. Also, some of them lack in the documentation which makes it difficult for a programmer to build his project. Python doesn't have these issues. It has been work for a long time, so there are plenty of documentation, tutorials, guides and so much more to help a programmer. Also, it has a rich and active community who ensures to provide help and supports to the developers. So, the community consist of many experienced developers and programmer who provides support at any time.
4. Python contains fewer lines of code - In python programming language codes are written complete in fewer lines thus reducing the efforts of programmers.
5. Standard Library - Python comes with a huge standard library through which eliminate the efforts to write a function or code. The library consists of many inbuilt functions and pre-written codes, so it is not necessary to have to write a code for every single thing.
6. Python is accessible  -For newcomers and beginners, Python is incredibly easy to learn and use. In fact, it’s one of the most accessible programming languages available. Part of the reason is the simplified syntax with an emphasis on natural language. But it’s also because you can write Python code and execute it much faster. Whatever the case, it’s a great language for beginners, so it’s where a lot of young developers are getting their start. More importantly, experienced developers aren’t left by the wayside, as there’s plenty to do.

The sudden upturn in Python Language

                       

Be that as it may, python has executed in the year 1980 it isn't well known among designer. In the 21st century, Google made a few deviation in python basic rationale which enhanced its execution and power.

The primary explanation behind python acknowledgement is DATA SCIENCE. Information science and machine learning are may be viewed as the principle driver of its quick advancement.

These reasons have given a sudden boost to the scope of python programming language and it is good for you if you are getting trained in it.

Use of Python in:

Python is an open source and object-oriented programming language which is used for many several purposes:

➤Website programming development

➤Desktop application development

➤GUI application development

➤Writing system administration software

➤Used as the scripting language for SIMP, blender, open office etc

➤Use of python in software testing

Integrating Python with Other Languages:

Python can also be integrating with other languages. There are some mechanisms used to integrate python with another language such as

Iron Python – Implementation of Python running on the CLR.

Jython – Provides an implementation of the JVM

Improved Wrapper and Interface Generator – permits you to interop between C based languages and others, including.Net and Java.

Future Technologies Counting On python

For the most part we have seen that python programming dialects is probably utilized for wave improvement applications advancement Framework organisation creating recreations and so on.

Artificial intelligence python programming dialect is without a doubt rulling alternative dialects when future advances like Artificial Intelligence(AI) comes into the play.There is a long list of Python frameworks, libraries, and tools that are created to direct Artificial Intelligence to reduce human efforts with enhanced accuracy and efficiency for development.

With the help of AI, speech recognition, autonomous cars and data interpretation have become possible. 

Big Data The future extent of Python is clearly evident as it has helped big data technology to grow.

Python is successfully contributing to analyzing the number of data sets across computer clusters with the high-performance toolkit and libraries.

Python libraries and toolkits, Pandas, Scikit-Learn, NumPy, Bokeh, Agate, Dask.

 Networking - Networking is where Python has a future scope as the language is used to read, write and configure routers while performing other networking functions cost-effectively.

Systems administration is another feild in which python has a more briliant extension later on.

Undoubtedly, the awesome benefits and performance of python and its libraries are working as the root of its constant growth.

This foundation is so strong, that almost all top-notch companies are using this language in their codebase.

Moreover, future technologies like AI and its subsets, big data and networking ensure a bright future for this programming tool.  It’s quite a secure and cost-effective programming language.

By seeing such large scale demand skilled professionals, it is rightly said that Python is actually the language of the FUTURE

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Learning Python: Powerful Object-Oriented Programming Kindle Edition by Mark Lutz (Author) pdf

Get a comprehensive, in-depth introduction to the core Python language with this hands-on book. Based on author Mark Lutz’s popular training course, this updated fifth edition will help you quickly write efficient, high-quality code with Python. It’s an ideal way to begin, whether you’re new to programming or a professional developer versed in other languages.

Complete with quizzes, exercises, and helpful illustrations, this easy-to-follow, self-paced tutorial gets you started with both Python 2.7 and 3.3— the latest releases in the 3.X and 2.X lines—plus all other releases in common use today. You’ll also learn some advanced language features that recently have become more common in Python code.

Explore Python’s major built-in object types such as numbers, lists, and dictionaries
Create and process objects with Python statements, and learn Python’s general syntax model
Use functions to avoid code redundancy and package code for reuse
Organize statements, functions, and other tools into larger components with modules
Dive into classes: Python’s object-oriented programming tool for structuring code
Write large programs with Python’s exception-handling model and development tools
Learn advanced Python tools, including decorators, descriptors, metaclasses, and Unicode processing
Buy: Learning Python: Powerful Object-Oriented Programming Kindle Edition by Mark Lutz (Author)

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Logistic Regression in Python(part01) | python crash course_07

Logistic Regression in Python: part-01

Welcome to python crash course, Today we are going to start Logistic Regression. basically, in this post you will learn How to encoding data so let's start:

As the amount of available data, the strength of computing power, and the number of algorithmic improvements continue to rise, so does the importance of data science and machine learning. Classification is among the most important area of machine learning, and logistic regression is one of its basic methods. By the end of this tutorial, you will have learned about classification in general and the fundamentals of logistic regression in particular, as well as how to implement logistic regressions in Python.

Supervised machine learning algorithms define models that capture relationships among data. Classification is an area of supervised machine learning that tries to predict which class or category some entity belongs to, based on its features.

For example, you might analyze the employees of some company and try to establish a dependence on the features or variables, such as the level of education, number of years in a current position, age, salary, odds for being promoted. The features or variable can take one of two forms:

1. Independent variable, also called input or predictor, doesn’t depend on other features of interest (or at least you assume so for the purpose of the analysis).
2. The dependent variable, also called output or responses, depending on the independent variables.

Encoding Data

In [01]: # creating one hot encoding of categorical column.

data = pd.get_dummies(df, columns =['job', 'marital', 'default', 'housing', 'loan', 'poutcome'])

In [02]: data.head()

You will see the following outputs −

Dropping the “unknown”

In [03]: data.columns[12]

Out[03]: 'job_unknown'

In [04]: data.drop(data.columns[[12, 16, 18, 22, 24]], axis=1, inplace=True)

After dropping the undesired columns, you can see the final list of columns as shown in the output below −

In [05]: data.columns

Out[16]: Index(['y', 'job_admin.', 'job_bluecollar', 'jobentrepreneur', 

'jobhousemaid', 'job_management', 'job_retired', 'job_self-employed', 

'jobservices', 'job_student', 'job_technician', 'job_unemployed',

'marital_divorced', 'marital_married', 'marital_single', 'default_no', 

'default_yes', 'housingno', 'housing_yes', 'loan_no', 'loan_yes',

'poutcome_failure', 'poutcome_nonexistent', 'poutcomesuccess'], 

dtype='object')

our data is ready for model buildings.

In the next post, we will see how to split the data.

If you want to learn more about python then click here.

                                              Best of Luck!!!!!!

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File Handling | Python

Topics Discussed: 1)Opening a File 2)Reading from a file 3)Closing a file Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...



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Rules for Python variables

Rules for Python variables:
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)

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Export Pandas DataFrame to CSV

Topics discussed: 1)count the number of rows in a Pandas DataFrame in Python 2)count the number of columns in a Pandas DataFrame in Python 3)Extracting specific column in Pandas DataFrame in Python 4) Filter Pandas Dataframe 5)Export Pandas DataFrame to CSV Prerequisite: Read csv using pandas.read_csv() | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sgqry... Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...

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Read csv using pandas.read_csv() | Python

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Uncommon Words from Two Sentences | Python

Problem Statement: We are given two sentences A and B. (A sentence is a string of space separated words. Each word consists only of lowercase letters.) A word is uncommon if it appears exactly once in one of the sentences, and does not appear in the other sentence. Return a list of all uncommon words. You may return the list in any order. Example 1: Input: A = "this apple is sweet", B = "this apple is sour" Output: ["sweet","sour"] Example 2: Input: A = "apple apple", B = "banana" Output: ["banana"] Code is given in the comment section. Prerequisite: Counting the frequencies in a list using dictionary | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZKGU... Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...


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Counting the frequencies in a list using dictionary | Python

Code:
num1=[1,1,2,3,2,5,7,5];
dict1={};
for num in num1:
    if num in dict1:
        dict1[num]=dict1[num]+1;
    else:
        dict1[num]=1;

Python for beginners:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...

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Dictionary Part 4 | Python

Prerequisite: Dictionary | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZTR5... Dictionary Part 2 | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qU1dV... Dictionary Part 3 | Python | Castor Classes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFfxX... Python for beginners: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egq7Z...



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QUIZ on Loops | Python

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Linear Regression in python | python crash course_06

Linear Regression in Machine learning :

Welcome to machine learning in python crash course, so in this section we will learn different machine learning algorithm. Let's start:

Linear Regressions is usually the first machine learning algorithm. It is a simple model but everyone need to master it as it lays the foundation for other machine learning algorithm.

Where can Linear Regressions be used?

It is a very powerful techniques and can be used to understand the factors that influence profitability. It can be used to forecast sale in the coming months by analyzing the sales data for previous month. It can also be used to gain various insights into customers behaviour. By the end of the blog, we will build a model which looks like the below picture i.e, determine a line which best fit the data.

Example

In this example, we will use Pima Indian Diabetes dataset to select four of the attributes having best features with the help of chi-square statistical test.

from pandas import read_csv

from numpy import set_printoptions

from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest

from sklearn.feature_selection import chi2

path = r'C:\pima-indians-diabetes.csv'

names = ['preg', 'plas', 'pres', 'skin', 'test', 'mass', 'age', 'class']

dataframe = read_csv(path, names=names)

array = dataframe.value

Next, we will separate array into inputs and outputs components −
X = array[:,0:8]

Y = array[:,8]
The following line of code will select the best features from dataset −
test = SelectKBest(score_func=chi2, k=4)

fit = test.fit(X,Y)
set_printoptions(precision=2)
print(fit.scores_)
featured_data = fit.transform(X)
print ("\nFeatured data:\n", featured_data[0:4])

OUTPUT:
[ 111.52 1411.89 17.61 53.11 2175.57 127.67 5.39 181.3 
Featured data:
[[148.  0. 33.6 50. 
[  89. 94. 28.1 21. ]]
[  85.  0. 26.6 31. ]
[ 183.  0. 23.3 32. ]
(Note: for python top 15 interview question click here)

                                     BEST OF LUCK!!!!!

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