Calculator in android studio with Source Code | Calculator in Android studio | Clcoding

 Activity Main :

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout 

 xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:background="#000"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">


    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button1"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="1"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.043"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.817" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button2"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="2"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.352"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.817" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button3"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="3"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.672"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.817" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button4"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="4"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.043"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.677" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button5"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="5"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.352"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.677" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button6"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="6"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.672"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.677" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button7"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="7"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.043"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.541" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button8"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="8"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.352"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.541" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button9"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="9"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.672"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.541" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button0"
        android:layout_width="185dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/new_but"
        android:paddingRight="95sp"
        android:text="0"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.061"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.957" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_equal"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/arithmatic_button"
        android:text="="
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.99"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.958" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_multi"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/arithmatic_button"
        android:text="×"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.99"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.541" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_divide"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/arithmatic_button"
        android:text="/"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.987"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.406" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_add"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/arithmatic_button"
        android:text="+"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.99"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.817" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_sub"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/arithmatic_button"
        android:text="-"
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.99"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.677" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_clear"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/button"
        android:text="AC"
        android:textColor="#060606"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.043"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.406" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_para1"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/button"
        android:text="%"
        android:textColor="#060606"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.672"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.406" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_para2"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/button"
        android:text="+/-"
        android:textColor="#060606"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.349"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.406" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_dot"
        android:layout_width="80dp"
        android:layout_height="80dp"
        android:background="@drawable/circle_button"
        android:text="."
        android:textColor="#ffff"
        android:textSize="28sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.671"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.958" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/input"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:textColor="@android:color/background_light"
        android:textSize="68sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.909"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.252" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/output"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:textColor="@android:color/background_light"
        android:textSize="36sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.909"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.051" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

Main Activity :

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.TypedValue;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private Button b1;
    private Button b2;
    private Button b3;
    private Button b4;
    private Button b5;
    private Button b6;
    private Button b7;
    private Button b8;
    private Button b9;
    private Button b0;
    private Button b_equal;
    private Button b_multi;
    private Button b_divide;
    private Button b_add;
    private Button b_sub;
    private Button b_clear;
    private Button b_dot;
    private Button b_para1;
    private Button b_para2;
    private TextView t1;
    private TextView t2;
    private final char ADDITION = '+';
    private final char SUBTRACTION = '-';
    private final char MULTIPLICATION = '*';
    private final char DIVISION = '/';
    private final char EQU = '=';
    private final char EXTRA = '@';
    private final char MODULUS = '%';
    private char ACTION;
    private double val1 = Double.NaN;
    private double val2;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        viewSetup();

        b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "1");
            }
        });

        b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "2");
            }
        });

        b3.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "3");
            }
        });

        b4.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "4");
            }
        });

        b5.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "5");
            }
        });

        b6.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "6");
            }
        });

        b7.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "7");
            }
        });

        b8.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "8");
            }
        });

        b9.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "9");
            }
        });

        b0.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                ifErrorOnOutput();
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + "0");
            }
        });

        b_dot.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                exceedLength();
                t1.setText(t1.getText().toString() + ".");
            }
        });

        b_para1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    ACTION = MODULUS;
                    operation();
                    if (!ifReallyDecimal()) {
                        t2.setText(val1 + "%");
                    } else {
                        t2.setText((int) val1 + "%");
                    }
                    t1.setText(null);
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_add.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    ACTION = ADDITION;
                    operation();
                    if (!ifReallyDecimal()) {
                        t2.setText(val1 + "+");
                    } else {
                        t2.setText((int) val1 + "+");
                    }
                    t1.setText(null);
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_sub.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    ACTION = SUBTRACTION;
                    operation();
                    if (t1.getText().length() > 0)
                        if (!ifReallyDecimal()) {
                            t2.setText(val1 + "-");
                        } else {
                            t2.setText((int) val1 + "-");
                        }
                    t1.setText(null);
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_multi.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    ACTION = MULTIPLICATION;
                    operation();
                    if (!ifReallyDecimal()) {
                        t2.setText(val1 + "×");
                    } else {
                        t2.setText((int) val1 + "×");
                    }
                    t1.setText(null);
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_divide.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    ACTION = DIVISION;
                    operation();
                    if (ifReallyDecimal()) {
                        t2.setText((int) val1 + "/");
                    } else {
                        t2.setText(val1 + "/");
                    }
                    t1.setText(null);
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_para2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (!t2.getText().toString().isEmpty() || !t1.getText().toString().isEmpty()) {
                    val1 = Double.parseDouble(t1.getText().toString());
                    ACTION = EXTRA;
                    t2.setText("-" + t1.getText().toString());
                    t1.setText("");
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_equal.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    operation();
                    ACTION = EQU;
                    if (!ifReallyDecimal()) {
                        t2.setText(/*t2.getText().toString() + String.valueOf(val2) + "=" + */String.valueOf(val1));
                    } else {
                        t2.setText(/*t2.getText().toString() + String.valueOf(val2) + "=" + */String.valueOf((int) val1));
                    }
                    t1.setText(null);
                } else {
                    t2.setText("Error");
                }
            }
        });

        b_clear.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                if (t1.getText().length() > 0) {
                    CharSequence name = t1.getText().toString();
                    t1.setText(name.subSequence(0, name.length() - 1));
                } else {
                    val1 = Double.NaN;
                    val2 = Double.NaN;
                    t1.setText("");
                    t2.setText("");
                }
            }
        });

        // Empty text views on long click.
        b_clear.setOnLongClickListener(new View.OnLongClickListener() {
            @Override
            public boolean onLongClick(View view) {
                val1 = Double.NaN;
                val2 = Double.NaN;
                t1.setText("");
                t2.setText("");
                return true;
            }
        });
    }

    private void viewSetup() {
        b1 = findViewById(R.id.button1);
        b2 = findViewById(R.id.button2);
        b3 = findViewById(R.id.button3);
        b4 = findViewById(R.id.button4);
        b5 = findViewById(R.id.button5);
        b6 = findViewById(R.id.button6);
        b7 = findViewById(R.id.button7);
        b8 = findViewById(R.id.button8);
        b9 = findViewById(R.id.button9);
        b0 = findViewById(R.id.button0);
        b_equal = findViewById(R.id.button_equal);
        b_multi = findViewById(R.id.button_multi);
        b_divide = findViewById(R.id.button_divide);
        b_add = findViewById(R.id.button_add);
        b_sub = findViewById(R.id.button_sub);
        b_clear = findViewById(R.id.button_clear);
        b_dot = findViewById(R.id.button_dot);
        b_para1 = findViewById(R.id.button_para1);
        b_para2 = findViewById(R.id.button_para2);
        t1 = findViewById(R.id.input);
        t2 = findViewById(R.id.output);
    }

    private void operation() {
        if (!Double.isNaN(val1)) {
            if (t2.getText().toString().charAt(0) == '-') {
                val1 = (-1) * val1;
            }
            val2 = Double.parseDouble(t1.getText().toString());

            switch (ACTION) {
                case ADDITION:
                    val1 = val1 + val2;
                    break;
                case SUBTRACTION:
                    val1 = val1 - val2;
                    break;
                case MULTIPLICATION:
                    val1 = val1 * val2;
                    break;
                case DIVISION:
                    val1 = val1 / val2;
                    break;
                case EXTRA:
                    val1 = (-1) * val1;
                    break;
                case MODULUS:
                    val1 = val1 % val2;
                    break;
                case EQU:
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            val1 = Double.parseDouble(t1.getText().toString());
        }
    }

    // Remove error message that is already written there.
    private void ifErrorOnOutput() {
        if (t2.getText().toString().equals("Error")) {
            t2.setText("");
        }
    }

    // Whether value if a double or not
    private boolean ifReallyDecimal() {
        return val1 == (int) val1;
    }

    private void noOperation() {
        String inputExpression = t2.getText().toString();
        if (!inputExpression.isEmpty() && !inputExpression.equals("Error")) {
            if (inputExpression.contains("-")) {
                inputExpression = inputExpression.replace("-", "");
                t2.setText("");
                val1 = Double.parseDouble(inputExpression);
            }
            if (inputExpression.contains("+")) {
                inputExpression = inputExpression.replace("+", "");
                t2.setText("");
                val1 = Double.parseDouble(inputExpression);
            }
            if (inputExpression.contains("/")) {
                inputExpression = inputExpression.replace("/", "");
                t2.setText("");
                val1 = Double.parseDouble(inputExpression);
            }
            if (inputExpression.contains("%")) {
                inputExpression = inputExpression.replace("%", "");
                t2.setText("");
                val1 = Double.parseDouble(inputExpression);
            }
            if (inputExpression.contains("×")) {
                inputExpression = inputExpression.replace("×", "");
                t2.setText("");
                val1 = Double.parseDouble(inputExpression);
            }
        }
    }

    // Make text small if too many digits.
    private void exceedLength() {
        if (t1.getText().toString().length() > 10) {
            t1.setTextSize(TypedValue.COMPLEX_UNIT_SP, 20);
        }
    }
} 

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A namespace is used to organize your code and is collection of classes, interfaces, structs, enums and delegates.

To define a namespace in C#, we will use the namespace keyword followed by the name of the namespace and curly braces containing the body of the namespace as follows: 

Syntax:

namespace name_of_namespace {

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Note : 

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Main method is the entry point into your application. 

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Just in time (JIT) compiler converts MSIL to native code, which is CPU specific code.

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⟶ The CIL ( COMMON INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE ) code is converted to a code native to the operating system.

⟶ This is done at runtime by the Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler present in the CLR.

⟶ The CLR converts the CIL code to the machine language code.

⟶ Once this is done, the code can be directly executed by the CPU.

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Introducing Flutter | What is Flutter ? | Flutter | Clcoding

Flutter is an open-source mobile application development framework created by Google. It is used to develop application for Android and iOS, as well as being the primary method of creating application for Google Fuchsia.

History 

The first version of Flutter was known as "Sky" and ran on the Android Operating system. It was unveiled at the 2015 Dart developer summit, with the started intent of being able to render consistently at 120 frames per second.

During the keynote of Google Developer Days in Shanghai, Google announced Flutter Release Preview 2 which is the last big release before Flutter 1.0. On December 4th 2018, Flutter 1.0 was released at the Flutter Live event, denoting the first "stable" version of the framework.

Framework Architecture :

The major components of Flutter include :

• Dart platform
• Flutter engine
• Foundation Library 
  
• Design-specific widgets

 Dart Platform :

Flutter apps are written in theDart language and make use of many of the language's more advanced features.

On Android, and on Windows macOS and Linux via the semi-official flutter Desktop Embedding project, Flutter runs in the Dart virtual machine features a just-in-time execution engine. Due to App Store restrictions on dynamic code execution, Flutter apps use ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation on iOS.

A notable feature of the Dart platform its support for "hot reload" where modifications to source files can be injected into a running application. Flutter extends this with support for stateful hot reload, where in most cases changes to source code can be reflected immediately in the running app without requiring a restart or any loss of state. This feature as implementation in flutter gas received widespread praise.

Flutter Engine :

Flutter's engine, written primarily in C++, provides low level rendering support using Google's Skia graphics library. Additionally. it interfaces with platform-specific SDKs such as those provided by Android and iOS. The Flutter Engine is a portable runtime for hosting Flutter applications. It implements Flutter's core libraries, including animation and graphics, file and network I/O, accessibility support, plugin architecture, and a Dart runtime and compile toolchain, Most developers will interact with Flutter via the Flutter Framework, which provides a modern, receive framework, and a rich set of platform, layout and foundation widgets.

Foundation Library :

The foundation library, written in Dart, provides basic classes and functions which are used to construct application using Flutter, such as APIs to communicate with the engine.

Design-specific widgets  :

The Flutter framework contains two sets of widget which conform to specific design languages. Material Design widgets implement Google's design language of the same name, and Cupertino widgets Imitate Apple's iOS design. .

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