Machine Learning Applications Using Python: Cases Studies from Healthcare, Retail, and Finance (Free PDF)

 

Gain practical skills in machine learning for finance, healthcare, and retail. This book uses a hands-on approach by providing case studies from each of these domains: you’ll see examples that demonstrate how to use machine learning as a tool for business enhancement. As a domain expert, you will not only discover how machine learning is used in finance, healthcare, and retail, but also work through practical case studies where machine learning has been implemented. 

Machine Learning Applications Using Python is divided into three sections, one for each of the domains (healthcare, finance, and retail). Each section starts with an overview of machine learning and key technological advancements in that domain. You’ll then learn more by using case studies on how organizations are changing the game in their chosen markets. This book has practical case studies with Python code and domain-specific innovative ideas for monetizing machine learning. 

What You Will Learn

Discover applied machine learning processes and principles

Implement machine learning in areas of healthcare, finance, and retail

Avoid the pitfalls of implementing applied machine learning

Build Python machine learning examples in the three subject areas

Who This Book Is For

Data scientists and machine learning professionals.  

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Free PDF :

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MichiganX: Python Data Structures (Free Course)

 

About this course

This course will introduce the core data structures of the Python programming language. We will move past the basics of procedural programming and explore how we can use the Python built-in data structures such as lists, dictionaries, and tuples to perform increasingly complex data analysis. This course will cover Chapters 6-10 of the textbook "Python for Everybody". This course covers Python 3.

What you'll learn

How to open a file and read data from a file

How to create a list in Python

How to create a dictionary

Sorting data

How to use the tuple structure in Python

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Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

 

Data structures and algorithms are among the most fundamental concepts of Computer Science. Whether it’s real-world problems you’re trying to solve or the typical coding question asked in an interview, almost every problem requires you to demonstrate a deep understanding of data structures and algorithms.

This course is a detailed review of some of the most common data structures and algorithms that you’ll see in interviews and your everyday work. With implementation details, thorough explanations, and hands-on coding exercises, you’ll quickly gain the confidence you need to solve any problem, no matter the situation.

Syllabus: 

1. Introduction
2. Insertion
3. Deletion by Value
4. Deletion by Position
5. Length
6. Node Swap
7. Reverse
8. Merge Two Sorted Linked Lists
9. Remove Duplicates
10. Nth-to-Last Node
11. Count Occurrences
12. Rotate
13. Is Palindrome
14. Exercise: Move Tail to Head
15. Solution Review: Move Tail to Head
16. Exercise: Sum Two Linked Lists
17. Solution Review: Sum Two Linked Lists
18. Quiz

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What is the output of following Python code?

 What is the output of following Python code?

my_string = "Python"

result = my_string + my_string[2::2]

print(result)

Solution and Explanation: 

Let's break down the code:

my_string = "Python"

result = my_string + my_string[2::2]

print(result)

my_string is assigned the value "Python".

my_string[2::2] extracts a substring starting from index 2 (inclusive) with a step of 2. So, it takes every second character starting from the third character. In this case, it extracts the characters "to", resulting in the substring "to".

my_string + my_string[2::2] concatenates the original string "Python" with the extracted substring "to".

The final result is then printed.

The output of the code will be:

Pythonto

So, the value of result is "Pythonto".

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print(False+False) ?

 Code : 

print(False+False) 

Solution and Explanation : 

In Python, False is internally represented as the integer value 0. Therefore, when you use the + operator to add two False values, it's equivalent to adding 0 + 0, which results in 0.

Here's the code and its output:

print(False + False)

Output:

0

So, False + False evaluates to 0 in Python.

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print(True+True)

 Code :

print(True+True)

Solution and Explanation : 

In Python, True is internally represented as the integer value 1. Therefore, when you use the + operator to add two True values, it's equivalent to adding 1 + 1, which results in 2.

Here's the code and its output:

print(True + True)

Output:

2

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Python Coding challenge - Day 83 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code : 

list1 = [1, 2, 4, 3]

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(list1 != list2)

Solution and Explanation: 

The != operator in Python checks for inequality. In the given code, list1 and list2 are two lists with the same elements but in different orders. When you compare them using !=, the result is True because the order of elements matters in list comparison.

Here's a breakdown of the code:

list1 = [1, 2, 4, 3]

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(list1 != list2)

list1 contains elements [1, 2, 4, 3].

list2 contains elements [1, 2, 3, 4].

When comparing list1 and list2 using !=, it checks if the two lists are not equal.

The order of elements is different, so the result of the comparison is True.

The print statement outputs True.

If the order of elements in both lists were the same, the result would be False.

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Python Data Structures and Algorithms (Free PDF)

 

A knowledge of data structures and the algorithms that bring them to life is the key to

building successful data applications. With this knowledge, we have a powerful way to

unlock the secrets buried in large amounts of data. This skill is becoming more important in

a data-saturated world, where the amount of data being produced dwarfs our ability to

analyze it. In this book, you will learn the essential Python data structures and the most

common algorithms. This book will provide basic knowledge of Python and an insight into

the exciting world of data algorithms. We will look at algorithms that provide solutions to

the most common problems in data analysis, including sorting and searching data, as well

as being able to extract important statistics from data. With this easy-to-read book, you will

learn how to create complex data structures such as linked lists, stacks, and queues, as well

as sorting algorithms such as bubble sort and insertion sort. You will learn the common

techniques and structures used in tasks such as preprocessing, modeling, and transforming

data. We will also discuss how to organize your code in a manageable, consistent, and

extendable way. You will learn how to build components that are easy to understand,

debug, and use in different applications.

A good understanding of data structures and algorithms cannot be overemphasized. It is an

important arsenal to have in being able to understand new problems and find elegant

solutions to them. By gaining a deeper understanding of algorithms and data structures,

you may find uses for them in many more ways than originally intended. You will develop

a consideration for the code you write and how it affects the amount of memory and

CPU cycles to say the least. Code will not be written for the sake of it, but rather with a

mindset to do more using minimal resources. When programs that have been thoroughly

analyzed and scrutinized are used in a real-life setting, the performance is a delight to

experience. Sloppy code is always a recipe for poor performance. Whether you like

algorithms purely from the standpoint of them being an intellectual exercise or them

serving as a source of inspiration in solving a problem, it is an engagement worthy of

pursuit.

The Python language has further opened the door for many professionals and students to

come to appreciate programming. The language is fun to work with and concise in its

description of problems. We leverage the language's mass appeal to examine a number of

widely studied and standardized data structures and algorithms.

The book begins with a concise tour of the Python programming language. As such, it is not

required that you know Python before picking up this book.

Download PDF : Python Data Structures and Algorithms

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Python Coding challenge - Day 82 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code : 

tuple1 = (1, 2, 4, 3) 

tuple2 = (1, 2, 3, 4) 

print(tuple1 < tuple2) 

Solution and Explanation : 

The above code is comparing two tuples, tuple1 and tuple2, using the less than (<) operator. This comparison is done element-wise.

In this case, the first elements of both tuples are the same (1), so it moves on to the second elements. The second elements are also the same (2). It continues this process until it finds a pair of elements where one is less than the corresponding element in the other tuple.

In your example:

tuple1: (1, 2, 4, 3)

tuple2: (1, 2, 3, 4)

At the third position, tuple1 has 4, and tuple2 has 3. Since 3 is less than 4, the result of the comparison is False.

So, when you run this code, it will print:

False

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Python Code for Periodic Table Elements

 

Code :

import periodictable

# Get details of an element by atomic number

Atomic_No = int(input("Enter Element Atomic No :"))

element = periodictable.elements[Atomic_No] 

print('Atomic number:', element.number)

print('Symbol:', element.symbol)

print('Name:', element.name)

print('Atomic mass:', element.mass)

print('Density:', element.density)

#clcoding.com

Output : 

Enter Element Atomic No :26
Atomic number: 26
Symbol: Fe
Name: iron
Atomic mass: 55.845
Density: 7.874

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Create Your First Web App with Python and Flask

 

What you'll learn

Create Web Applications with Flask

Use WTForms and SQLAlchemy in Flask Applications

Use Templates in Flask Applications

About this Guided Project

In this 2-hour long project-based course, you will learn the basics of web application development with Python using the Flask framework. Through hands on, practical experience, you will go through concepts like creating a Flask Application, using Templates in Flask Applications, using SQLAlchemy and SQLite with Flask, and using Flask and WTForms. You will then apply the concepts to create your first web application with Python and Flask.

This course is aimed at learners who are looking to get started with web application development using Python, and have some prior programming experience in the Python programming language. The ideal learner has understanding of Python syntax, HTML syntax, and computer programming concepts.

Note: This course works best for learners who are based in the North America region. We’re currently working on providing the same experience in other regions.

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Real-time Currency Converter with Python

 

pip install forex_python

Code : 

from forex_python.converter import CurrencyRates

c = CurrencyRates()

amount = int(input("Enter the amount: "))

from_currency = input("From Currency: ").upper()

to_currency = input("To Currency: ").upper()

print(from_currency, " To ", to_currency, amount)

result = c.convert(from_currency, to_currency, amount)

print(result)

#clcoding.com

Output : 

Enter the amount: 10
From Currency: EUR
To Currency: INR
EUR  To  INR 10
888.9

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What is the result of the following python code?

 What is the result of the following python code?

x = {1: "a", 2: "b"}

y = x.keys()

print(y)

Solution and Explanation:

The code you provided creates a dictionary x with keys 1 and 2, and then assigns the keys of the dictionary to the variable y. Finally, it prints the values of y. However, in Python 3, y will be a view object (dict_keys) representing the keys of the dictionary. To see the keys as a list, you can convert it to a list:

x = {1: "a", 2: "b"}

y = list(x.keys())

print(y)

Output: [1, 2]

 Let's break down the code step by step:

Dictionary Creation:

x = {1: "a", 2: "b"}

Here, a dictionary x is created with keys 1 and 2, each associated with a corresponding value ("a" and "b").

Getting Keys:

y = x.keys()

In this line, the keys() method is used on the dictionary x to obtain a view object that represents the keys of the dictionary. The dict_keys view is a dynamic view of the dictionary's keys.

Printing:

print(y)

This line prints the result of y, which is the dict_keys view. However, in Python 3, this view is not automatically converted to a list when printed.

If you want to see the keys as a list, you can convert the dict_keys view to a list, like this:

y = list(x.keys())

print(y)

Output:

[1, 2]

The final output, after converting the dict_keys view to a list, is a list containing the keys of the dictionary x. In this case, it's [1, 2].

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a = [] b = [a.append(i) for i in range(5)] print(a) print(b)

Code : 

a = []

b = [a.append(i) for i in range(5)]

print(a)

print(b)

Solution and Explanation: 

This code outputs the following:

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

[None, None, None, None, None]

List a is modified by the loop, and the loop overwrites the list b with None.

here is the explanation of the code:

The list comprehension [a.append(i) for i in range(5)] creates a list of None values. This is because the expression a.append(i) returns None, and the list comprehension only stores the return values of the expressions it contains.

The loop overwrites the list b with None because the list comprehension is evaluated before the loop. This means that the list b is already a list of None values by the time the loop starts.

The list a is modified by the loop because the expression a.append(i) appends the value i to the list a. This is because the expression a.append(i) is evaluated inside the loop, and the list a is modified in place.

Therefore, the output of the code is:

a: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

b: [None, None, None, None, None]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 81 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code :

i=j=[3]

i+=j

print(i,j)

Solution and Explanation:

In this Python code:

i = j = [3]

i += j

print(i, j)

Both i and j are assigned the same list [3]. The += operator is used to extend the list i by appending the elements of list j to it.

After the execution of the code, the output will be:

[3, 3] [3, 3]

Here's the breakdown:

i = j = [3]: Both i and j are assigned the list [3].

i += j: The += operator modifies the list i by appending the elements of list j to it. So, i becomes [3, 3].

print(i, j): Prints the values of i and j.

As a result, both i and j are [3, 3].

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What is the output of the following python code?

 What is the output of the following python code?

x = 5

y = x > 3

print(y)

a) 5

b) 3

c) True

d) False

Solution and Explanation: 

The output of the given Python code will be:

True

Explanation:

x = 5: Assigns the value 5 to the variable x.

y = x > 3: Compares whether the value of x is greater than 3 and assigns the result (True or False) to the variable y.

print(y): Prints the value of y.

In this case, x is indeed greater than 3 (as x is 5), so the comparison x > 3 evaluates to True. Therefore, the output of the code is True. So, the correct option is:

c) True

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a = "240" print(a.zfill(4))

 Code :

a = "240"

print(a.zfill(4))

Solution and Explanation : 

The zfill() method in Python is used to pad a string with zeros (0) on the left side until the string reaches the specified width. In your case, you've specified a width of 4.

Here's how it works:

a = "240"

result = a.zfill(4)

print(result)

Output:

0240

In this example, the original string "240" has a length of 3. The zfill(4) method pads zeros on the left side to make the length of the string 4. Therefore, the result is "0240".

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my_list=[11,22,33,44,55] del my_list[:] print(my_list)

 Code :

my_list=[11,22,33,44,55]

del my_list[:]

print(my_list)

Solution and Explanation:

The above code  deletes all elements from the list my_list using the del statement with the slice [:]. This is a common way to clear a list in Python.

Here's a breakdown of the code:

del my_list[:]: This deletes all elements in the list. The [:] is a slice that includes all elements of the list.

After executing this code, the list my_list will be empty. If you print my_list after the deletion, you will get:

[]

So, the output of the provided code will be an empty list ([]).

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a = (10, '20', 30) print(min(a))

Code : 

a = (10, '20', 30)

print(min(a))

Solution and Explanation: 

The min() function compares the elements in the tuple lexicographically (in the case of strings) or numerically (in the case of numbers) and returns the smallest element. If the elements are of different types, it may raise a TypeError.

In your case, the tuple a contains elements of different types: an integer (10), a string ('20'), and another integer (30). The min() function will compare them based on their natural order. In this case, it will compare the integer 10, the string '20', and the integer 30.

The comparison is done lexicographically for strings, so '20' is considered smaller than both 10 and 30. Therefore, the output of the min(a) expression will be '20'.

If you run the provided code, the output will be:

20

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Python Basics: Automation and Bots

 

What you'll learn

Learn how to play faster and looser and more casual with code, skimming and copying code from the Internet.

Discuss code flow and the order that your computer reads the code you write. This introduces us to a whole other level of thinking in code.

Logic can be harnessed to do useful stuff. We'll make it concrete by performing tasks like building an anagram finder.

Apply Python by robocall and spam text yourself through the Twilio API.

There are 4 modules in this course

Understanding the flow of running code is a major part of learning to think in code and of coding itself. In this course we will study the flow of code through several demonstrations and walkthroughs. We'll experience turning logic into useful work by running Python that automatically reads all of Shakespeare, and by setting Python up to give you a call on the phone. In technical terms, this course will demonstrate Python loops, list comprehensions, and conditional statements, while at a higher level we'll discuss code style and good practices for code.

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Creative Thinking: Techniques and Tools for Success (Free Course)

 

What you'll learn

Understand what creative thinking techniques are

Comprehend their importance in tackling global challenges as well as in everyday problem-solving scenarios

Select and apply the appropriate technique based on the opportunity to seize or the problem to tackle

There are 7 modules in this course

In today’s ever-growing and changing world, being able to think creatively and innovatively are essential skills. It can sometimes be challenging to step back and reflect in an environment which is fast paced or when you are required to assimilate large amounts of information. Making sense of or communicating new ideas in an innovative and engaging way, approaching problems from fresh angles, and producing novel solutions are all traits which are highly sought after by employers.

This course will equip you with a ‘tool-box’, introducing you to a selection of behaviours and techniques that will augment your innate creativity. Some of the tools are suited to use on your own and others work well for a group, enabling you to leverage the power of several minds.  You can pick and choose which of these tools or techniques suit your needs and interests, focusing on some or all of the selected approaches and in the order that fits best for you.

The practical approach of this course enables you to acquire an essential skill-set for generating ideas, with plenty of:

- Fun e-tivities and exercises;

- Practical lectures and tips;

- Video representations of the techniques in action.

By the end of this course you should be able to:

- Pick a type of brainstorming you think will be useful to apply to a challenge

- Use alphabet brainstorming in tackling a challenge

- Use grid brainstorming in tackling a challenge

- Use a morphological chart to synthesise a solution to a challenge

- Use the TRIZ contradiction matrix to identify recommended inventive principles

- Apply SCAMPER to a range of challenges

The greatest innovators aren’t necessarily the people who have the most original idea. Often, they are people- or teams- that have harnessed their creativity to develop a new perspective or more effective way of communicating an idea. You can train your imagination to seize opportunities, break away from routine and habit, and tap into your natural creativity.

Join this course and a community of practitioners in CREATIVITY!

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What is wrong with “is” in Python ?

 

In Python, the is keyword is used to test object identity, which checks if two variables reference the same object in memory. However, it's important to note that the behavior you're observing is specific to the implementation of Python and may vary based on different factors, such as the Python interpreter and optimizations.

In CPython (the reference implementation of Python), small integers are cached for performance reasons. This means that integers in a certain range are the same object in memory to optimize memory usage and speed up operations. In your first example:

a = 256

b = 256

print(a is b)  # True

This is True because a and b both reference the same object in memory due to the integer caching optimization.

In second example:

a = 257

b = 257

print(a is b)  # False

This is False because the integers 257 and 257 are not cached, so they are distinct objects in memory.

While using is for comparing integers might work in some cases, it's generally recommended to use the == operator for equality testing. The == operator compares the values of the objects, which is more reliable and is the standard way to check if two variables hold the same value:

print(a == b)  # True for both examples

So, in summary, while a is b may work for small integers due to caching, it's not guaranteed and is not considered a good practice for equality testing. Always use == when comparing values.

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c = True or False print(not not c)

 c = True or False

print(not not c)

In the first line, True or False evaluates to True because it uses the logical OR operator (or). This means that the variable c is assigned the value True.

In the second line, not not c is equivalent to not (not c). The not operator negates the value, so not c is not True, which is False. Then, the outer not negates this result again, making it not False, which evaluates to True.

So, the final output of the code will be:

True

This is because c is assigned the value True, and the double not operation results in True.

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State whether the following statements are True or False (Classes and Objects)

a. Class attributes and object attributes are same.

Answer

False

b. A class data member is useful when all objects of the same class must

share a common item of information.

Answer

True

c. If a class has a data member and three objects are created from this class,

then each object would have its own data member.

Answer

True

d. A class can have class data as well as class methods.

Answer

True

e. Usually data in a class is kept private and the data is accessed /

manipulated through object methods of the class.

Answer

True

f. Member functions of an object have to be called explicitly, whereas, the

_init_( ) method gets called automatically.

Answer

True

g. A constructor gets called whenever an object gets instantiated.

Answer

True

h. The _init_( ) method never returns a value.

Answer

True

i. When an object goes out of scope, its _del_( ) method gets called

automatically.

Answer

True

j. The self variable always contains the address of the object using which

the method/data is being accessed.

Answer

True

k. The self variable can be used even outside the class.

Answer

False

l. The _init_( ) method gets called only once during the lifetime of an

object.

Answer

True

m. By default, instance data and methods in a class are public.

Answer

True

n. In a class 2 constructors can coexist-a 0-argument constructor and a 2-

argument constructor.

Answer

True

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100 Python questions, one for each day of the challenge:

1 Print the length of the string "Hello, world!".

2 Print the sum of the numbers 1 and 2.

3 Print the Fibonacci sequence up to the 10th term.

4 Check whether a number is prime or not.

5 Find the factorial of a number.

6 Print a multiplication table for a given number.

7 Check whether a string is a palindrome or not.

8 Convert a temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.

9 Convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

10 Check whether a year is a leap year or not.

11 Write a function to check whether a string is a pangram or not.

12 Write a function to find the longest common substring of two strings.

13 Write a function to reverse a string.

14 Write a function to check whether a number is a perfect square or not.

15 Write a function to find the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two numbers.

16 Write a function to find the least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers.

17 Write a function to check whether a number is an Armstrong number or not.

18 Write a function to find the kth permutation of a given set of numbers.

19 Write a function to find the next lexicographical permutation of a given string.

20 Write a function to check whether a graph is bipartite or not.

21 Write a function to find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph.

22 Write a function to find the minimum spanning tree of a graph.

23 Write a function to find the diameter of a tree.

24 Write a function to check whether a tree is a binary search tree or not.

25 Write a function to insert a node into a binary search tree.

26 Write a function to delete a node from a binary search tree.

27 Write a function to search for a node in a binary search tree.

28 Write a function to find the inorder successor of a node in a binary search tree.

29 Write a function to find the preorder successor of a node in a binary search tree.

30 Write a function to find the postorder successor of a node in a binary search tree.

31 Write a function to find the level order traversal of a binary tree.

32 Write a function to find the height of a binary tree.

33 Write a function to check whether a binary tree is balanced or not.

34 Write a function to convert an infix expression to a postfix expression.

35 Write a function to convert a postfix expression to an infix expression.

36 Write a function to evaluate a postfix expression.

37 Write a function to find the maximum depth of a nested list.

38 Write a function to flatten a nested list.

39 Write a function to check whether a linked list is a palindrome or not.

40 Write a function to reverse a linked list.

41 Write a function to insert a node into a linked list.

42 Write a function to delete a node from a linked list.

43 Write a function to search for a node in a linked list.

44 Write a function to find the middle node in a linked list.

45 Write a function to find the nth node from the end of a linked list.

46 Write a function to merge two sorted linked lists.

47 Write a function to find the intersection point of two linked lists.

48 Write a function to find the union of two linked lists.

49 Write a function to check whether a linked list is circular or not.

50 Write a function to find the length of a linked list.

51 Write a function to find the median of a list of numbers.

52 Write a function to find the mode of a list of numbers.

53 Write a function to find the range of a list of numbers.

54 Write a function to find the variance of a list of numbers.

55 Write a function to find the standard deviation of a list of numbers.

56 Write a function to find the covariance of two lists of numbers.

57 Write a function to find the correlation coefficient of two lists of numbers.

58 Write a function to fit a linear regression model to a dataset.

59 Write a function to fit a logistic regression model to a dataset.

60 Write a function to perform k-means clustering on a dataset.

61 Write a function to implement the Naive Bayes classification algorithm.

62 Write a function to implement the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm.

63 Write a function to implement the Random Forest classification algorithm.

64 Write a function to implement the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classification algorithm.

65 Write a function to implement the Decision Tree classification algorithm.

66 Write a function to implement the Naive Bayes classification algorithm for spam filtering.

67 Write a function to implement the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm for sentiment analysis.

68 Write a function to implement the Random Forest classification algorithm for image recognition.

69 Write a function to implement the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classification algorithm for handwriting recognition.

70 Write a function to implement the Decision Tree classification algorithm for medical diagnosis.

71 Define a class to represent a bank account.

72 Define a class to represent a student.

73 Define a class to represent a book.

74 Define a class to represent an employee.

75 Define a class to represent a car.

76 Implement inheritance in a class hierarchy for animals.

77 Implement polymorphism in a class hierarchy for shapes.

78 Implement encapsulation in a class to represent a bank account.

79 Implement abstraction in a class to represent a

80 Implement a stack data structure using Python.

81 Implement a queue data structure using Python.

82 Implement a linked list data structure using

83 Implement a double-linked list data structure using Python.

84 Implement a circular linked list data structure using Python.

85 Implement a binary search tree data structure using Python.

86 Implement an AVL tree data structure using Python.

87 Implement a red-black tree data structure using Python.

88 Implement a hash table data structure using Python.

89 Implement a heap data structure using Python.

90 Implement a graph data structure using Python.

91 Implement a directed graph data structure using Python.

92 Implement a weighted graph data structure using Python.

93 Implement a breadth-first search algorithm for traversing a graph.

94 Implement a depth-first search algorithm for traversing a graph.

95 Implement Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a weighted graph.

96 Implement Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree of a weighted graph.

97 Implement Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree of a weighted graph.

98 Implement a sorting algorithm, such as bubble sort, insertion sort, merge sort, or quick sort.

99 Implement a searching algorithm, such as binary search or linear search.

100 Write a Python program to solve a real-world problem, such as building a simple web scraper, a text summarizer, or a financial data analyzer.

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print ((False == False) in [False]) print (False == (False in [False])) print (False == False in [False])

 Code :

print(False == False) in [False]

print (False == (False in [False]))

print (False == False in [False])

Answer:

False

False

True

Solution and Explanation:

Let's go through each line:

print((False == False) in [False])

False == False is True.

The expression becomes True in [False].

Since True is not in the list [False], the final result is False.

The output for this line is False.

print(False == (False in [False]))

False in [False] is True.

The expression becomes False == True.

The output for this line is False.

print(False == False in [False])

This expression is equivalent to (False == False) and (False in [False]).

Both conditions are True.

The output for this line is True.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 80 | What is the output of the following Python code?

 

Code :

list1 = ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"]

list2 = sorted(list1, key=lambda x: float(x) if x.isdigit() else float('inf'))

print(list2)

Answer : ['1', '1.0', 'a', '0.1', '-1']

Solution and Explanation: 

list1 = ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"]

This line creates a list named list1 and assigns it the values ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"].

list2 = sorted(list1, key=lambda x: float(x) if x.isdigit() else float('inf'))

This line creates a list named list2 and assigns it the sorted values of list1. The key argument specifies that the sorting should be done by converting the elements to floats if they are digits, and otherwise using the value float('inf'). This means that the strings "-1", "a", and "0.1" will be sorted as if they were the numbers -1, inf, and 0.1, respectively.

print(list2)

This line prints the value of list2 to the console.

Here is a table that summarizes the steps involved in sorting the list:

Step Action

1 Create a list named list1 and assign it the values ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"].

2 Create a list named list2 and assign it the sorted values of list1.

3 Sort list2 using the key argument, which specifies that the sorting should be done by converting the elements to floats if they are digits, and otherwise using the value float('inf').

4 Print the value of list2 to the console.

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How many objects are created in the following code snippet?

 How many objects are created in the following code snippet?

a = 10

b = a

c = b

Answer : one 

a is assigned the value 10, creating an integer object with the value 10.

b is assigned the value of a, so it refers to the same integer object as a. No new object is created in this step; it just points to the existing object.

c is assigned the value of b, so it also refers to the same integer object as a and b. Again, no new object is created in this step.

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a = 20 b = 40 print(globals( )) print(locals( ))

 Code :

a = 20

b = 40

print(globals( ))

print(locals( ))

Solution and Explanation: 

The globals() function returns a dictionary representing the current global symbol table, while the locals() function returns a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. When you print these dictionaries in your code, you'll see the global and local variables along with their values.

Here's the modified code:

a = 20

b = 40

print("Global variables:")

print(globals())

print("\nLocal variables:")

print(locals())

When you run this code, you will see the global and local variables along with their values. Keep in mind that the output might vary depending on where you run this code (e.g., in a script or an interactive environment like a Jupyter notebook).

Note: The locals() function inside a function or method will return the local symbol table of that function or method. If you run it in the global scope, it will return the same result as globals().

The output will typically look like this:

Global variables:

{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <...>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <...>, '__file__': 'your_file_path', '__cached__': None, 'a': 20, 'b': 40}

Local variables:

{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <...>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <...>, '__file__': 'your_file_path', '__cached__': None, 'a': 20, 'b': 40}

The dictionaries returned by globals() and locals() contain information about the global and local namespaces, respectively. In this case, the global variables a and b are included in both dictionaries. The keys in the dictionaries include special variables like __name__, __doc__, etc., along with your defined variables.

The output might vary slightly depending on where you run this code and the specific environment you are using.

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Download YouTube videos using Python

 

Code : 

# Download YouTube videos using Python

pip install yt-dlp

import yt_dlp

# Enter the url for the download 

url = input("Enter video url: ")

ydl_opts = {}

with yt_dlp. YoutubeDL (yd1_opts) as ydl: 

      ydl.download ([url])

print("Video downloaded successfully!")

#clcoding.com

Enter video url: https://youtu.be/b1kbLwvqugk

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Python code to find info about Chemical Formula

 

pip install pubchempy

import pubchempy as pcp

# Define the chemical formula of the hydrocarbon

chemical_formula = input("Enter chemical Formula : ")  

try:

    # Search PubChem for the compound by its chemical formula

    compound = pcp.get_compounds(chemical_formula, 'formula')[0]

    # Display information about the compound

    print(f"Name: {compound.iupac_name}")

    print(f"Common Name: {compound.synonyms[0]}")

    print(f"Molecular Weight: {compound.molecular_weight}")

    print(f"Formula: {compound.molecular_formula}")

    # You can access more properties as needed

except IndexError:

    print(f"No information found for {chemical_formula}.Please check formula.")

    #clcoding.com

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Python Coding challenge - Day 79 | What is the output of the following Python code?

 

Code : 

import sys, getopt

sys.argv =['C:\\a.py', '-h', 'word1', 'word2']

options, arguments = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:],'s:t:h')

print(options)

Solution and Explanation:

This code outputs the following:

[('-h', '')]

The getopt.getopt() function takes two arguments:

The first argument is the sequence of arguments to be parsed. This is typically sys.argv[1:], which is a list of all the command-line arguments except for the program name.

The second argument is the option string. This is a string of characters, where each character represents an option. If an option requires an argument, the character is followed by a colon. For example, the option string "s:t:h" defines three options:

-s: This option requires an argument, which is stored in the optarg variable.

-t: This option requires an argument, which is stored in the optarg variable.

-h: This option does not require an argument.

The getopt.getopt() function returns a list of two-element tuples. Each tuple consists of an option character and its argument, if any. For example, the tuple ('-h', '') indicates that the -h option was specified without an argument.

In this case, the command-line arguments are ['C:\\a.py', '-h', 'word1', 'word2']. The option string is 's:t:h'. Therefore, the getopt.getopt() function returns the list [('-h', '')], which indicates that the -h option was specified without an argument.

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How will you store a hexadecimal value E0A485 in a bytes data type?

 In Python, you can store a hexadecimal value like E0A485 in a bytes data type using the bytes.fromhex() method. Here's an example:

hex_value = "E0A485"

bytes_data = bytes.fromhex(hex_value)

print(bytes_data)

This code will output a bytes object representing the hexadecimal value:

b'\xe0\xa4\x85'

Each pair of hexadecimal digits is converted to its corresponding byte value in the bytes object. In this example, E0 becomes \xe0, A4 becomes \xa4, and 85 becomes \x85.

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Python 101: 2nd Edition

 

The second edition of Python 101 (50,000+ eBook readers alone) uses Python 3 to teach you how to program successfully. This book can be read by people with no programming experience, although understanding basic computer terminology is recommended.

While Python 101 teaches you all the basics that you need to know, it also dives into many intermediate level topics too. This book is split up into four sections:

The Python Language

Intermediate Topics

Creating Sample Applications

Distributing Your Code

This book has been completely rewritten from the ground up. There are many new chapters and coverage of new features in Python 3.

Another new feature is that Python 101 has Review Questions for every chapter. The book also includes an answer key in the back.

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c = "clcoding" print(c[:-2]) print(c[-2:])

 Code :

c = "clcoding"

print(c[:-2])

print(c[-2:])

Solution and Explanations: 

here are the step-by-step solutions:

Step 1:

Define the variable c and assign the string "clcoding" to it.

c = "clcoding"

Step 2:

Print the substring of c that starts at the beginning of the string and goes up to the second to last character. This can be done using the slicing syntax c[:-2].

print(c[:-2])

Output:

clcodi

Step 3:

Print the substring of c that starts at the second to last character and goes up to the end of the string. This can be done using the slicing syntax c[-2:].

print(c[-2:])

Output:

ng

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State whether the following statements are True or False for Python Dictionaries

 a. Dictionary elements can be accessed using position-based index.

Answer

False

b. Dictionaries are immutable.

Answer

False

c. Insertion order is preserved by a dictionary.

Answer

False

d. The very first key - value pair in a dictionary d can be accessed using the

expression d[0].

Answer

False

e. courses.clear( ) will delete the dictionary object called courses.

Answer

False

f. It is possible to nest dictionaries.

Answer

True

g. It is possible to hold multiple values against a key in a dictionary.

Answer

True

Let's go through each statement one by one:

a. Dictionary elements can be accessed using position-based index.

Answer: False

Explanation: Dictionary elements are accessed using keys, not position-based indices. You use the key to retrieve the associated value.

b. Dictionaries are immutable.

Answer: False

Explanation: Dictionaries are mutable, meaning you can modify their content by adding, removing, or updating key-value pairs.

c. Insertion order is preserved by a dictionary.

Answer: False

Explanation: Prior to Python 3.7, dictionaries did not guarantee order preservation. However, starting from Python 3.7, the insertion order is guaranteed to be preserved.

d. The very first key-value pair in a dictionary d can be accessed using the expression d[0].

Answer: False

Explanation: Dictionary elements are not accessed by numerical indices but by keys. There is no guarantee that the keys are numerical, so attempting to access d[0] would not necessarily give you the first key-value pair.

e. courses.clear() will delete the dictionary object called courses.

Answer: False

Explanation: courses.clear() will remove all items from the dictionary called courses, but the dictionary object itself still exists.

f. It is possible to nest dictionaries.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, it is possible to have dictionaries as values within another dictionary, creating nested or hierarchical structures.

g. It is possible to hold multiple values against a key in a dictionary.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, a key in a dictionary can have a list, tuple, set, or another dictionary as its associated value, allowing you to store multiple values against a single key.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 78 | What is the output of the following Python code?

 

Code : 

list1 = ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"]

list2 = sorted(list1)

print(list2)

Solution and Explanations 

The sorted function in Python sorts elements lexicographically (in dictionary order), which means strings are sorted based on their Unicode code points. In your example, the list list1 contains a mix of string representations of numbers and letters. When you use sorted(list1), it will sort the elements lexicographically:

list1 = ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"]

list2 = sorted(list1)

print(list2)

The output will be:

['-1', '0.1', '1', '1.0', 'a']

Here's the breakdown:

'-1' comes first because '-' has a lower Unicode code point than '0'.

'0.1' comes next because '0' has a lower code point than '1'.

'1' comes after '0.1'.

'1.0' comes after '1'.

'a' comes last because letters generally have higher Unicode code points than numbers.

If you want to sort the list based on numeric values, you may consider converting the elements to the appropriate numeric types before sorting. For example:

list1 = ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"]

list2 = sorted(list1, key=lambda x: float(x) if x.replace(".", "", 1).isdigit() else x)

print(list2)

This will output:

['-1', '0.1', '1', '1.0', 'a']

Here, the key argument is used to specify a custom sorting key. The lambda function checks if the string can be converted to a float (ignoring the first occurrence of a decimal point), and if so, it converts it to a float for sorting. This way, numeric values are sorted numerically, and non-numeric values are sorted lexicographically.

 Let's go step by step through the process:

Given Lists:

list1 = ["1.0", "a", "0.1", "1", "-1"]

Use sorted Function:

list2 = sorted(list1)

At this point, list2 is created by sorting the elements of list1 lexicographically.

list2 = ['-1', '0.1', '1', '1.0', 'a']

As explained earlier, the sorting is based on Unicode code points, so the order may not be numeric.

Printing the Result:

print(list2)

The output will be:

['-1', '0.1', '1', '1.0', 'a']

This output reflects the lexicographical sorting of the strings.

Custom Sorting for Numeric Values:

If you want to sort based on numeric values, you can use a custom sorting key. Here's how you can do it:

list2 = sorted(list1, key=lambda x: float(x) if x.replace(".", "", 1).isdigit() else x)

This lambda function checks if the string can be converted to a float (ignoring the first occurrence of a decimal point). If it can, it converts it to a float for sorting.

list2 = ['-1', '0.1', '1', '1.0', 'a']

The output is the same as the previous step because all values can be converted to floats, and they are sorted based on their numeric values.

This step-by-step explanation should clarify how the given list is sorted and how you can customize the sorting for numeric values.

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Numerical Python Scientific Computing and Data Science Applications with Numpy, SciPy and Matplotlib (Free PDF)

 

Leverage the numerical and mathematical modules in Python and its standard library as well as popular open source numerical Python packages like NumPy, SciPy, FiPy, matplotlib and more. This fully revised edition, updated with the latest details of each package and changes to Jupyter projects, demonstrates how to numerically compute solutions and mathematically model applications in big data, cloud computing, financial engineering, business management and more.

Numerical Python, Second Edition, presents many brand-new case study examples of applications in data science and statistics using Python, along with extensions to many previous examples. Each of these demonstrates the power of Python for rapid development and exploratory computing due to its simple and high-level syntax and multiple options for data analysis.

After reading this book, readers will be familiar with many computing techniques including array-based and symbolic computing, visualization and numerical file I/O, equation solving, optimization, interpolation and integration, and domain-specific computational problems, such as differential equation solving, data analysis, statistical modeling and machine learning.

What You'll Learn

Work with vectors and matrices using NumPy

Plot and visualize data with Matplotlib

Perform data analysis tasks with Pandas and SciPy

Review statistical modeling and machine learning with statsmodels and scikit-learn

Optimize Python code using Numba and Cython

Who This Book Is For

Developers who want to understand how to use Python and its related ecosystem for numerical computing.

Buy : Numerical Python: Scientific Computing and Data Science Applications with Numpy, SciPy and Matplotlib

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The Little Book of Deep Learning François Fleuret (Free PDF)

 

Unlock the Power of Deep Learning Embark on an extraordinary journey into the realm of cutting-edge technology with The Little Book of Deep Learning . Discover the secrets behind one of the most revolutionary advancements of our time, and witness how it is transforming industries across the globe. Explore the intricate world of neural networks and artificial intelligence as you delve into the minds of experts and pioneers. Gain unparalleled insights into the principles, algorithms, and applications of deep learning, unraveling complex concepts with ease. From image recognition to natural language processing, uncover the limitless possibilities that await you within these pages. Witness how deep learning is reshaping medicine, finance, entertainment, and more, igniting a new era of innovation. Written by a leading authority in the field, this captivating book distills the essence of deep learning, providing a comprehensive yet accessible guide for both beginners and seasoned professionals. Its engaging narrative and practical examples will empower you to harness the true potential of this transformative technology. Don't miss your chance to join the ranks of those who have unlocked the power of deep learning. Whether you're a student, researcher, or industry enthusiast, The Little Book of Deep Learning is your gateway to a world of unlimited possibilities.

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Python® Notes for Professionals book (Free PDF)

 

Getting started with Python Language

1. Python Data Types
2. Indentation
3. Comments and Documentation
4. Date and Time
5. Date Formatting
6. Enum
7. Set
8. Simple Mathematical Operators
9. Bitwise Operators
10. Boolean Operators
11. Operator Precedence
12. Variable Scope and Binding
13. Conditionals
14. Comparisons
15. Loops
16. Arrays
17. Multidimensional arrays
18. Dictionary
19. List
20. List comprehensions
21. List slicing (selecting parts of lists)
22. groupby()
23. Linked lists
24. Linked List Node
25. Filter
26. Heapq
27. Tuple
28. Basic Input and Output
29. Files & Folders I/O
30. os.path
31. Iterables and Iterators
32. Functions
33. Defining functions with list arguments
34. Functional Programming in Python
35. Partial functions
36. Decorators
37. Classes
38. Metaclasses
39. String Formatting
40. String Methods
41. Using loops within functions
42. Importing modules
43. Difference between Module and Package
44. Math Module
45. Complex math
46. Collections module
47. Operator module
48. JSON Module
49. Sqlite3 Module
50. The os Module
51. The locale Module
52. Itertools Module
53. Asyncio Module
54. Random module
55. Functools Module
56. The dis module
57. The base64 Module
58. Queue Module
59. Deque Module
60. Webbrowser Module
61. tkinter
62. pyautogui module
63. Indexing and Slicing
64. Plotting with Matplotlib
65. graph-tool
66. Generators
67. Reduce
68. Map Function
69. Exponentiation
70. Searching
71. Sorting, Minimum and Maximum
72. Counting
73. The Print Function
74. Regular Expressions (Regex)
75. Copying data
76. Context Managers (“with” Statement)
77. The __name__ special variable
78. Checking Path Existence and Permissions
79. Creating Python packages
80. Usage of "pip" module: PyPI Package Manager
81. pip: PyPI Package Manager
82. Parsing Command Line arguments
83. Subprocess Library
84. setup.py
85. Recursion
86. Type Hints
87. Exceptions
88. Raise Custom Errors / Exceptions
89. Commonwealth Exceptions
90. urllib
91. Web scraping with Python
92. HTML Parsing
93. Manipulating XML
94. Python Requests Post
95. Distribution
96. Property Objects
97. Overloading
98. Polymorphism
99. Method Overriding
100. User-Defined Methods
101. String representations of class instances: __str__ and __repr__ methods
102. Debugging
103. Reading and Writing CSV
104. Writing to CSV from String or List
105. Dynamic code execution with `exec` and `eval`
106. PyInstaller - Distributing Python Code
107. Data Visualization with Python
108. The Interpreter (Command Line Console)
109. *args and **kwargs
110. Garbage Collection
111. Pickle data serialisation
112. Binary Data
113. Idioms
114. Data Serialization
115. Multiprocessing
116. Multithreading
117. Processes and Threads
118. Python concurrency
119. Parallel computation
120. Sockets
121. Websockets
122. Sockets And Message Encryption/Decryption Between Client and Server
123. Python Networking
124. Python HTTP Server
125. Flask
126. Introduction to RabbitMQ using AMQPStorm
127. Descriptor
128. tempfile NamedTemporaryFile
129. Input, Subset and Output External Data Files using Pandas
130. Unzipping Files
131. Working with ZIP archives
132. Getting start with GZip
133. Stack
134. Working around the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)
135. Deployment
136. Logging
137. Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI)
138. Python Server Sent Events
139. Alternatives to switch statement from other languages
140. List destructuring (aka packing and unpacking)
141. Accessing Python source code and bytecode
142. Mixins
143. Attribute Access
144. ArcPy
145. Abstract Base Classes (abc)
146. Plugin and Extension Classes
147. Immutable datatypes(int, float, str, tuple and frozensets)
148. Incompatibilities moving from Python 2 to Python 3
149. 2to3 tool
150. Non-official Python implementations
151. Abstract syntax tree
152. Unicode and bytes
153. Python Serial Communication (pyserial)
154. Neo4j and Cypher using Py2Neo
155. Basic Curses with Python
156. Templates in python
157. Pillow
158. The pass statement
159. CLI subcommands with precise help output
160. Database Access
161. Connecting Python to SQL Server
162. PostgreSQL
163. Python and Excel
164. Turtle Graphics
165. Python Persistence
166. Design Patterns
167. hashlib
168. Creating a Windows service using Python
169. Mutable vs Immutable (and Hashable) in Python
170. configparser
171. Optical Character Recognition
172. Virtual environments
173. Python Virtual Environment - virtualenv
174. Virtual environment with virtualenvwrapper
175. Create virtual environment with virtualenvwrapper in windows
176. sys
177. ChemPy - python package
178. pygame
179. Pyglet
180. Audio
181. pyaudio
182. shelve
183. IoT Programming with Python and Raspberry PI
184. kivy - Cross-platform Python Framework for NUI Development
185. Pandas Transform: Preform operations on groups and concatenate the results
186. Similarities in syntax, Differences in meaning: Python vs. JavaScript
187. Call Python from C#
188. ctypes
189. Writing extensions
190. Python Lex-Yacc
191. Unit Testing
192. py.test
193. Profiling
194. Python speed of program
195. Performance optimization
196. Security and Cryptography
197. Secure Shell Connection in Python
198. Python Anti-Patterns
199. Common Pitfalls
200. Hidden Features
201. Example book pages

Download : Python® Notes for Professionals book

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Its hard to believe, but the best 6 machine learning books are completely free:

 

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Approaching (Almost) Any Machine Learning Problem (PDF Book)

 

This book is for people who have some theoretical knowledge of machine learning and deep learning and want to dive into applied machine learning. The book doesn't explain the algorithms but is more oriented towards how and what should you use to solve machine learning and deep learning problems. The book is not for you if you are looking for pure basics. The book is for you if you are looking for guidance on approaching machine learning problems. The book is best enjoyed with a cup of coffee and a laptop/workstation where you can code along.

Table of contents:

- Setting up your working environment

- Supervised vs unsupervised learning

- Cross-validation

- Evaluation metrics

- Arranging machine learning projects

- Approaching categorical variables

- Feature engineering

- Feature selection

- Hyperparameter optimization

- Approaching image classification & segmentation

- Approaching text classification/regression

- Approaching ensembling and stacking

- Approaching reproducible code & model serving

There are no sub-headings. Important terms are written in bold.

I will be answering all your queries related to the book and will be making YouTube tutorials to cover what has not been discussed in the book. To ask questions/doubts, please create an issue on github repo: https://github.com/abhishekkrthakur/approachingalmost

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The Principles of Deep Learning Theory (Free PDF)

 

This textbook establishes a theoretical framework for understanding deep learning models of practical relevance. With an approach that borrows from theoretical physics, Roberts and Yaida provide clear and pedagogical explanations of how realistic deep neural networks actually work. To make results from the theoretical forefront accessible, the authors eschew the subject's traditional emphasis on intimidating formality without sacrificing accuracy. Straightforward and approachable, this volume balances detailed first principle derivations of novel results with insight and intuition for theorists and practitioners alike. This self contained textbook is ideal for students and researchers interested in artificial intelligence with minimal prerequisites of linear algebra, calculus. informal probability theory. it can easily fill a semester long course on deep learning theory. For the first time, the exciting practical advances in modern artificial intelligence capabilities can be matched with a set of effective principles, providing a timeless blueprint for theoretical research in deep learning. 

Book Buy : The Principles of Deep Learning Theory: An Effective Theory Approach to Understanding Neural Networks

Book Main page : https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.10165

PDF Link : https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.10165.pdf

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10 BOOKS THAT WILL BOOST YOUR PRODUCTIVITY!

 

10 BOOKS THAT WILL BOOST YOUR PRODUCTIVITY!

1. Focus on What Matters: A Collection of Stoic Letters on Living Well https://amzn.to/3RgjAJe

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