Machine Learning for All

 

What you'll learn

You will understand the basic of how modern machine learning technologies work

You will be able to explain and predict how data affects the results of machine learning

You will be able to use a non-programming based platform train a machine learning module using a dataset

You will be able to form an informed opinion on the benefits and dangers of machine learning to society

Join Free: Machine Learning for All

There are 4 modules in this course

Machine Learning, often called Artificial Intelligence or AI, is one of the most exciting areas of technology at the moment. We see daily news stories that herald new breakthroughs in facial recognition technology, self driving cars or computers that can have a conversation just like a real person. Machine Learning technology is set to revolutionise almost any area of human life and work, and so will affect all our lives, and so you are likely to want to find out more about it. Machine Learning has a reputation for being one of the most complex areas of computer science, requiring advanced mathematics and engineering skills to understand it. While it is true that working as a Machine Learning engineer does involve a lot of mathematics and programming, we believe that anyone can understand the basic concepts of Machine Learning, and given the importance of this technology, everyone should. The big AI breakthroughs sound like science fiction, but they come down to a simple idea: the use of data to train statistical algorithms. In this course you will learn to understand the basic idea of machine learning, even if you don't have any background in math or programming. Not only that, you will get hands on and use user friendly tools developed at Goldsmiths, University of London to actually do a machine learning project: training a computer to recognise images. This course is for a lot of different people. It could be a good first step into a technical career in Machine Learning, after all it is always better to start with the high level concepts before the technical details, but it is also great if your role is non-technical. You might be a manager or other non-technical role in a company that is considering using Machine Learning. You really need to understand this technology, and this course is a great place to get that understanding. Or you might just be following the news reports about AI and interested in finding out more about the hottest new technology of the moment. Whoever you are, we are looking forward to guiding you through you first machine learning project.

NB this course is designed to introduce you to Machine Learning without needing any programming. That means that we don't cover the programming based machine learning tools like python and TensorFlow.

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Supervised Machine Learning: Regression and Classification

 

What you'll learn

Build machine learning models in Python using popular machine learning libraries NumPy & scikit-learn

Build & train supervised machine learning models for prediction & binary classification tasks, including linear regression & logistic regression

Join Free: Supervised Machine Learning: Regression and Classification

There are 3 modules in this course

In the first course of the Machine Learning Specialization, you will:

• Build machine learning models in Python using popular machine learning libraries NumPy and scikit-learn.

• Build and train supervised machine learning models for prediction and binary classification tasks, including linear regression and logistic regression

The Machine Learning Specialization is a foundational online program created in collaboration between DeepLearning.AI and Stanford Online. In this beginner-friendly program, you will learn the fundamentals of machine learning and how to use these techniques to build real-world AI applications. 

This Specialization is taught by Andrew Ng, an AI visionary who has led critical research at Stanford University and groundbreaking work at Google Brain, Baidu, and Landing.AI to advance the AI field.

This 3-course Specialization is an updated and expanded version of Andrew’s pioneering Machine Learning course, rated 4.9 out of 5 and taken by over 4.8 million learners since it launched in 2012. 

It provides a broad introduction to modern machine learning, including supervised learning (multiple linear regression, logistic regression, neural networks, and decision trees), unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction, recommender systems), and some of the best practices used in Silicon Valley for artificial intelligence and machine learning innovation (evaluating and tuning models, taking a data-centric approach to improving performance, and more.)

By the end of this Specialization, you will have mastered key concepts and gained the practical know-how to quickly and powerfully apply machine learning to challenging real-world problems. If you’re looking to break into AI or build a career in machine learning, the new Machine Learning Specialization is the best place to start.

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What is the output of following Python code?

 

What is the output of following Python code?

import math

print(math.floor(-2.8))

print(math.trunc(-2.8))

print(math.ceil(-2.8))

Solution and Explanation: 

The output of the provided Python code is:

-3

-2

-2

Here's a breakdown of each line:

math.floor(-2.8): This line uses the floor function from the math module to round down -2.8 to the nearest integer. Since the largest integer less than or equal to -2.8 is -3, the output is -3.

math.trunc(-2.8): Similar to floor, trunc also rounds down towards zero. However, unlike floor, it truncates the decimal part of the number instead of rounding it. Therefore, math.trunc(-2.8) also outputs -2.

math.ceil(-2.8): This line uses the ceil function, which rounds numbers up to the nearest integer. The smallest integer greater than or equal to -2.8 is -2, so math.ceil(-2.8) outputs -2.

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Machine Learning for Trading Specialization

 

What you'll learn

Understand the structure and techniques used in machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning (RL) strategies.

Describe the steps required to develop and test an ML-driven trading strategy.

Describe the methods used to optimize an ML-driven trading strategy.

Use Keras and Tensorflow to build machine learning models.

Join Free:Machine Learning for Trading Specialization

Specialization - 3 course series

This 3-course Specialization from Google Cloud and New York Institute of Finance (NYIF) is for finance professionals, including but not limited to hedge fund traders, analysts, day traders, those involved in investment management or portfolio management, and anyone interested in gaining greater knowledge of how to construct effective trading strategies using Machine Learning (ML) and Python. Alternatively, this program can be for Machine Learning professionals who seek to apply their craft to quantitative trading strategies.  By the end of the Specialization, you'll understand how to use the capabilities of Google Cloud to develop and deploy serverless, scalable, deep learning, and reinforcement learning models to create trading strategies that can update and train themselves. As a challenge, you're invited to apply the concepts of Reinforcement Learning to use cases in Trading.  This program is intended for those who have an understanding of the foundations of Machine Learning at an intermediate level. To successfully complete the exercises within the program, you should have advanced competency in Python programming and familiarity with pertinent libraries for Machine Learning, such as Scikit-Learn, StatsModels, and Pandas; a solid background in ML and statistics (including regression, classification, and basic statistical concepts) and basic knowledge of financial markets (equities, bonds, derivatives, market structure, and hedging). Experience with SQL is recommended.

Applied Learning Project

The three courses will show you how to create various quantitative and algorithmic trading strategies using Python. By the end of the specialization, you will be able to create and enhance quantitative trading strategies with machine learning that you can train, test, and implement in capital markets. You will also learn how to use deep learning and reinforcement learning strategies to create algorithms that can update and train themselves.

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IBM AI Engineering Professional Certificate

 

What you'll learn

Describe machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, and ML algorithms like classification, regression, clustering, and dimensional reduction 

Implement supervised and unsupervised machine learning models using SciPy and ScikitLearn 

Deploy machine learning algorithms and pipelines on Apache Spark 

Build deep learning models and neural networks using Keras, PyTorch, and TensorFlow 

Join Free:IBM AI Engineering Professional Certificate

Professional Certificate - 6 course series

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing entire industries, changing the way companies across sectors leverage data to make decisions. To stay competitive, organizations need qualified AI engineers who use cutting-edge methods like machine learning algorithms and deep learning neural networks to provide data driven actionable intelligence for their businesses. This 6-course Professional Certificate is designed to equip you with the tools you need to succeed in your career as an AI or ML engineer.  

You’ll master fundamental concepts of machine learning and deep learning, including supervised and unsupervised learning, using programming languages like Python. You’ll apply popular machine learning and deep learning libraries such as SciPy, ScikitLearn, Keras, PyTorch, and Tensorflow to industry problems involving object recognition, computer vision, image and video processing, text analytics, natural language processing (NLP), recommender systems, and other types of classifiers.

Through hands-on projects, you’ll gain essential data science skills scaling machine learning algorithms on big data using Apache Spark. You’ll build, train, and deploy different types of deep architectures, including convolutional neural networks, recurrent networks, and autoencoders.

In addition to earning a Professional Certificate from Coursera, you will also receive a digital badge from IBM recognizing your proficiency in AI engineering. 

Applied Learning Project

Throughout the program, you will build a portfolio of projects demonstrating your mastery of course topics. The hands-on projects will give you a practical working knowledge of Machine Learning libraries and Deep Learning frameworks such as SciPy, ScikitLearn, Keras, PyTorch, and Tensorflow. You will also complete an in-depth Capstone Project, where you’ll apply your AI and Neural Network skills to a real-world challenge and demonstrate your ability to communicate project outcomes. 

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Machine Learning Engineering for Production (MLOps) Specialization

 

What you'll learn

Design an ML production system end-to-end: project scoping, data needs, modeling strategies, and deployment requirements.

Establish a model baseline, address concept drift, and prototype how to develop, deploy, and continuously improve a productionized ML application.

Build data pipelines by gathering, cleaning, and validating datasets. Establish data lifecycle by using data lineage and provenance metadata tools.

Apply best practices and progressive delivery techniques to maintain and monitor a continuously operating production system.

Join Free:Machine Learning Engineering for Production (MLOps) Specialization

Specialization - 4 course series

Understanding machine learning and deep learning concepts is essential, but if you’re looking to build an effective AI career, you need production engineering capabilities as well. 

Effectively deploying machine learning models requires competencies more commonly found in technical fields such as software engineering and DevOps. Machine learning engineering for production combines the foundational concepts of machine learning with the functional expertise of modern software development and engineering roles. 

The Machine Learning Engineering for Production (MLOps) Specialization covers how to conceptualize, build, and maintain integrated systems that continuously operate in production. In striking contrast with standard machine learning modeling, production systems need to handle relentless evolving data. Moreover, the production system must run non-stop at the minimum cost while producing the maximum performance. In this Specialization, you will learn how to use well-established tools and methodologies for doing all of this effectively and efficiently.

In this Specialization, you will become familiar with the capabilities, challenges, and consequences of machine learning engineering in production. By the end, you will be ready to employ your new production-ready skills to participate in the development of leading-edge AI technology to solve real-world problems.

Applied Learning Project

By the end, you'll be ready to

• Design an ML production system end-to-end: project scoping, data needs, modeling strategies, and deployment requirements

• Establish a model baseline, address concept drift, and prototype how to develop, deploy, and continuously improve a productionized ML application

• Build data pipelines by gathering, cleaning, and validating datasets

• Implement feature engineering, transformation, and selection with TensorFlow Extended

• Establish data lifecycle by leveraging data lineage and provenance metadata tools and follow data evolution with enterprise data schemas

• Apply techniques to manage modeling resources and best serve offline/online inference requests

• Use analytics to address model fairness, explainability issues, and mitigate bottlenecks

• Deliver deployment pipelines for model serving that require different infrastructures

• Apply best practices and progressive delivery techniques to maintain a continuously operating production system.

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AI For Everyone

 

There are 4 modules in this course

AI is not only for engineers. If you want your organization to become better at using AI, this is the course to tell everyone--especially your non-technical colleagues--to take. 

Join Free:AI For Everyone

In this course, you will learn:

- The meaning behind common AI terminology, including neural networks, machine learning, deep learning, and data science

- What AI realistically can--and cannot--do

- How to spot opportunities to apply AI to problems in your own organization

- What it feels like to build machine learning and data science projects

- How to work with an AI team and build an AI strategy in your company

- How to navigate ethical and societal discussions surrounding AI

Though this course is largely non-technical, engineers can also take this course to learn the business aspects of AI.

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Machine Learning Specialization

 

What you'll learn

Build ML models with NumPy & scikit-learn, build & train supervised models for prediction & binary classification tasks (linear, logistic regression)

Build & train a neural network with TensorFlow to perform multi-class classification, & build & use decision trees & tree ensemble methods

Apply best practices for ML development & use unsupervised learning techniques for unsupervised learning including clustering & anomaly detection

Build recommender systems with a collaborative filtering approach & a content-based deep learning method & build a deep reinforcement learning model

Join Free : Machine Learning Specialization

Specialization - 3 course series

The Machine Learning Specialization is a foundational online program created in collaboration between DeepLearning.AI and Stanford Online. This beginner-friendly program will teach you the fundamentals of machine learning and how to use these techniques to build real-world AI applications. 

This Specialization is taught by Andrew Ng, an AI visionary who has led critical research at Stanford University and groundbreaking work at Google Brain, Baidu, and Landing.AI to advance the AI field.

This 3-course Specialization is an updated version of Andrew’s pioneering Machine Learning course, rated 4.9 out of 5 and taken by over 4.8 million learners since it launched in 2012. 

It provides a broad introduction to modern machine learning, including supervised learning (multiple linear regression, logistic regression, neural networks, and decision trees), unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction, recommender systems), and some of the best practices used in Silicon Valley for artificial intelligence and machine learning innovation (evaluating and tuning models, taking a data-centric approach to improving performance, and more.)

By the end of this Specialization, you will have mastered key concepts and gained the practical know-how to quickly and powerfully apply machine learning to challenging real-world problems. If you’re looking to break into AI or build a career in machine learning, the new Machine Learning Specialization is the best place to start.

Applied Learning Project

By the end of this Specialization, you will be ready to:

• Build machine learning models in Python using popular machine learning libraries NumPy and scikit-learn.

• Build and train supervised machine learning models for prediction and binary classification tasks, including linear regression and logistic regression.

• Build and train a neural network with TensorFlow to perform multi-class classification.

• Apply best practices for machine learning development so that your models generalize to data and tasks in the real world.

• Build and use decision trees and tree ensemble methods, including random forests and boosted trees.

• Use unsupervised learning techniques for unsupervised learning: including clustering and anomaly detection.

• Build recommender systems with a collaborative filtering approach and a content-based deep learning method.

• Build a deep reinforcement learning model.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 92 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

The above code is a Python list comprehension that adds corresponding elements of sublists in the nested list lis. Let's break it down:

lis = [[8, 7], [6, 5]]

result = [p + q for p, q in lis]

print(result)

lis is a nested list with two sublists: [8, 7] and [6, 5].

The list comprehension [p + q for p, q in lis] iterates over each sublist, and for each sublist, it takes elements p and q and calculates their sum p + q.

The result is a new list (result) containing the sums of corresponding elements from the sublists.

When you print the result, you'll get:

[15, 11]

This is because:

For the first sublist [8, 7], the sum of corresponding elements is 8 + 7 = 15.

For the second sublist [6, 5], the sum of corresponding elements is 6 + 5 = 11.

So, the final output is [15, 11].

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IBM Cybersecurity Analyst Professional Certificate

 

What you'll learn

Develop knowledge of cybersecurity analyst tools including data protection; endpoint protection; SIEM; and systems and network fundamentals.   

Learn about key compliance and threat intelligence topics important in today’s cybersecurity landscape. 

Gain skills for incident responses and forensics with real-world cybersecurity case studies.

Get hands-on experience to develop skills via industry specific and open source Security tools.

Professional Certificate - 8 course series

A growing number of exciting, well-paying jobs in today’s security industry do not require a college degree. This Professional Certificate will give you the technical skills to become job-ready for a Cybersecurity Analyst role. Instructional content and labs will introduce you to concepts including network security, endpoint protection, incident response, threat intelligence, penetration testing, and vulnerability assessment.

Join Free : IBM Cybersecurity Analyst Professional Certificate

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Earn a data science certificate

 

• Earn a data science certificate

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Meta Database Engineer Professional Certificate

 

What you'll learn

Demonstrate proficiency of SQL syntax and explain how it’s used to interact with a database.

Create databases from scratch and learn how to add, manage and optimize your database.

Write database driven applications in Python to connect clients to MySQL databases.

Develop a working knowledge of advanced data modeling concepts.

Join Free : Meta Database Engineer Professional Certificate

Professional Certificate - 9 course series

Want to get started in the world of database engineering? This program is taught by industry-recognized experts at Meta. You’ll learn the key skills required to create, manage and manipulate databases, as well as industry-standard programming languages and software such as SQL, Python, and Django used for supporting outstanding websites and apps like Facebook, Instagram and more.

In this program, you’ll learn:

Core techniques and methods to structure and manage databases. 

Advanced techniques to write database driven applications and advanced data modeling concepts. 

MySQL database management system (DBMS) and data creation, querying and manipulation.

How to code and use Python Syntax

How to prepare for technical interviews for database engineer roles.

Any third-party trademarks and other intellectual property (including logos and icons) referenced in the learning experience remain the property of their respective owners. Unless specifically identified as such, Coursera’s use of third-party intellectual property does not indicate any relationship, sponsorship, or endorsement between Coursera and the owners of these trademarks or other intellectual property.

Applied Learning Project

You’ll complete a series of 5 projects in which you will demonstrate your proficiency in different aspects of database engineering. 

You’ll demonstrate your skills with database normalization by structuring your own relational database by defining relationships between entities and developing relational schema. 

This is followed by a stored procedure project in which you’ll demonstrate your competency in SQL automation by writing a stored procedure to solve real world problems. After developing your skills in Python, you’ll create a Python application to administer a MySQL database and program its interactions with clients. 

In the next project, you are required to apply data modeling to a real-world project by enacting advanced data modeling concepts such as automation, storage and optimization. 

Finally, you’ll be tasked with creating a MySQL database solution for an app by drawing on the knowledge and skills that they have gained throughout the program.

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Capstone: Retrieving, Processing, and Visualizing Data with Python

 

What you'll learn

Make use of unicode characters and strings

Understand the basics of building a search engine

Select and process the data of your choice

Create email data visualizations

There are 7 modules in this course

In the capstone, students will build a series of applications to retrieve, process and visualize data using Python.   The projects will involve all the elements of the specialization.  In the first part of the capstone, students will do some visualizations to become familiar with the technologies in use and then will pursue their own project to visualize some other data that they have or can find.  Chapters 15 and 16 from the book “Python for Everybody” will serve as the backbone for the capstone. This course covers Python 3.

Join Free : Capstone: Retrieving, Processing, and Visualizing Data with Python

 

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Using Python to Access Web Data

 

What you'll learn

Use regular expressions to extract data from strings

Understand the protocols web browsers use to retrieve documents and web apps

Retrieve data from websites and APIs using Python

Work with XML (eXtensible Markup Language) data

There are 6 modules in this course

This course will show how one can treat the Internet as a source of data.  We will scrape, parse, and read web data as well as access data using web APIs.  We will work with HTML, XML, and JSON data formats in Python.  This course will cover Chapters 11-13 of the textbook “Python for Everybody”. To succeed in this course, you should be familiar with the material covered in Chapters 1-10 of the textbook and the first two courses in this specialization.  These topics include variables and expressions, conditional execution (loops, branching, and try/except), functions, Python data structures (strings, lists, dictionaries, and tuples), and manipulating files.  This course covers Python 3.

Join Free : Using Python to Access Web Data

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Python Data Structures by drchuck

 

What you'll learn

Explain the principles of data structures & how they are used

Create programs that are able to read and write data from files

Store data as key/value pairs using Python dictionaries

Accomplish multi-step tasks like sorting or looping using tuples

There are 7 modules in this course

This course will introduce the core data structures of the Python programming language. We will move past the basics of procedural programming and explore how we can use the Python built-in data structures such as lists, dictionaries, and tuples to perform increasingly complex data analysis. This course will cover Chapters 6-10 of the textbook “Python for Everybody”.  This course covers Python 3.

Join Free : Python Data Structures

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clcoding = '786' *coding_list, = clcoding print(coding_list)

 

Code :

clcoding = '786'

*coding_list, = clcoding

print(coding_list)

Solution and Explanation: 

In the above code, the expression *coding_list, = clcoding is used to unpack the characters from the string clcoding and assign them to the list coding_list. Here's a breakdown:

clcoding = '786'

# Unpack the characters from the string 'clcoding' and assign them to the list 'coding_list'

*coding_list, = clcoding

# Print the resulting list

print(coding_list)

When you run this code, it will output:

['7', '8', '6']

This is essentially doing the same thing as the previous example using list(clcoding), but in a more concise way using the unpacking syntax *. The result is a list containing individual characters from the string '786'.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 91 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

The code you provided creates a list of individual characters from the string clcoding and then prints the list. Here's a breakdown:

clcoding = '786'

# Convert the string 'clcoding' into a list of individual characters

char_list = list(clcoding)

# Print the resulting list

print(char_list)

When you run this code, it will output:

['7', '8', '6']

This is because the list() function is used to convert the string '786' into a list of its individual characters.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 90 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code :

num = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

num[1:4] = [15, 25, 35]

print(num)

Solution and Explanation : 

The given code creates a list called num with elements [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]. Then, it uses slicing to replace elements at indices 1 to 3 (excluding 4) with the values [15, 25, 35]. Finally, it prints the modified list.

Let's break it down:

num = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

This creates a list with the elements 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50.

num[1:4] = [15, 25, 35]

This line uses slicing to replace the elements at indices 1 to 3 with the values 15, 25, and 35. So, the list becomes [10, 15, 25, 35, 50].

print(num)

This prints the modified list:

[10, 15, 25, 35, 50]

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HarvardX: Introduction to Data Science with Python

 

About this course

Every single minute, computers across the world collect millions of gigabytes of data. What can you do to make sense of this mountain of data? How do data scientists use this data for the applications that power our modern world?

Data science is an ever-evolving field, using algorithms and scientific methods to parse complex data sets. Data scientists use a range of programming languages, such as Python and R, to harness and analyze data. This course focuses on using Python in data science. By the end of the course, you’ll have a fundamental understanding of machine learning models and basic concepts around Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Using Python, learners will study regression models (Linear, Multilinear, and Polynomial) and classification models (kNN, Logistic), utilizing popular libraries such as sklearn, Pandas, matplotlib, and numPy. The course will cover key concepts of machine learning such as: picking the right complexity, preventing overfitting, regularization, assessing uncertainty, weighing trade-offs, and model evaluation. Participation in this course will build your confidence in using Python, preparing you for more advanced study in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), and advancement in your career.

Learners must have a minimum baseline of programming knowledge (preferably in Python) and statistics in order to be successful in this course. Python prerequisites can be met with an introductory Python course offered through CS50’s Introduction to Programming with Python, and statistics prerequisites can be met via Fat Chance or with Stat110 offered through HarvardX.

Join Free : HarvardX: Introduction to Data Science with Python

What you'll learn

Gain hands-on experience and practice using Python to solve real data science challenges

Practice Python programming and coding for modeling, statistics, and storytelling

Utilize popular libraries such as Pandas, numPy, matplotlib, and SKLearn

Run basic machine learning models using Python, evaluate how those models are performing, and apply those models to real-world problems

Build a foundation for the use of Python in machine learning and artificial intelligence, preparing you for future Python study

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HarvardX: CS50's Introduction to Game Development

 

About this course

In a quest to understand how video games themselves are implemented, you'll explore the design of such childhood games as:

Super Mario Bros.

Pong

Flappy Bird

Breakout

Match 3

Legend of Zelda

Angry Birds

Pokémon

3D Helicopter Game

Dreadhalls

Portal

Join Free : HarvardX: CS50's Introduction to Game Development

What you'll learn

The basics of machine learning

How to perform cross-validation to avoid overtraining

Several popular machine learning algorithms

How to build a recommendation system

What is regularization and why it is useful?

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HarvardX: CS50's Introduction to Artificial Intelligence with Python

 About this course

This course explores the concepts and algorithms at the foundation of modern artificial intelligence, diving into the ideas that give rise to technologies like game-playing engines, handwriting recognition, and machine translation. Through hands-on projects, students gain exposure to the theory behind graph search algorithms, classification, optimization, machine learning, large language models, and other topics in artificial intelligence as they incorporate them into their own Python programs. By course’s end, students emerge with experience in libraries for machine learning as well as knowledge of artificial intelligence principles that enable them to design intelligent systems of their own.

Join Free : HarvardX: CS50's Introduction to Artificial Intelligence with Python

What you'll learn

graph search algorithms

adversarial search

knowledge representation

logical inference

probability theory

Bayesian networks

Markov models

constraint satisfaction

machine learning

reinforcement learning

neural networks

natural language processing

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CS50's Introduction to Computer Science

 

About this course

This is CS50x , Harvard University's introduction to the intellectual enterprises of computer science and the art of programming for majors and non-majors alike, with or without prior programming experience. An entry-level course taught by David J. Malan, CS50x teaches students how to think algorithmically and solve problems efficiently. Topics include abstraction, algorithms, data structures, encapsulation, resource management, security, software engineering, and web development. Languages include C, Python, SQL, and JavaScript plus CSS and HTML. Problem sets inspired by real-world domains of biology, cryptography, finance, forensics, and gaming. The on-campus version of CS50x , CS50, is Harvard's largest course.

Students who earn a satisfactory score on 9 problem sets (i.e., programming assignments) and a final project are eligible for a certificate. This is a self-paced course–you may take CS50x on your own schedule.

HarvardX requires individuals who enroll in its courses on edX to abide by the terms of the edX honor code. HarvardX will take appropriate corrective action in response to violations of the edX honor code, which may include dismissal from the HarvardX course; revocation of any certificates received for the HarvardX course; or other remedies as circumstances warrant. No refunds will be issued in the case of corrective action for such violations. Enrollees who are taking HarvardX courses as part of another program will also be governed by the academic policies of those programs.

HarvardX pursues the science of learning. By registering as an online learner in an HX course, you will also participate in research about learning. Read our research statement to learn more.

Harvard University and HarvardX are committed to maintaining a safe and healthy educational and work environment in which no member of the community is excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination or harassment in our program. All members of the HarvardX community are expected to abide by Harvard policies on nondiscrimination, including sexual harassment, and the edX Terms of Service. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact harvardx@harvard.edu and/or report your experience through the edX contact form. 

Join Free : CS50's Introduction to Computer Science

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Python Coding challenge - Day 89 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code : 

print(1+True)

Solution and Explanation: 

In Python, True is treated as 1 when used in numeric operations. Therefore, 1 + True is equivalent to 1 + 1, and the result is 2.

So, the output of print(1 + True) will be:

2

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Match the following:

 

Answer : 

Default value of sep in print( ) - ' '

Default value of end in print( ) - \n

Easiest way to print output - Using fstring

Return type of split( ) - str

print('{num:>5}') - Right justify num in 5 columns

print('{num:<5}') - Left justify num in 5 columns

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Learning Python, 5th Edition (Free PDF)

 

Get a comprehensive, in-depth introduction to the core Python language with this hands-on book. Based on author Mark Lutz’s popular training course, this updated fifth edition will help you quickly write efficient, high-quality code with Python. It’s an ideal way to begin, whether you’re new to programming or a professional developer versed in other languages.

Complete with quizzes, exercises, and helpful illustrations, this easy-to-follow, self-paced tutorial gets you started with both Python 2.7 and 3.3— the latest releases in the 3.X and 2.X lines—plus all other releases in common use today. You’ll also learn some advanced language features that recently have become more common in Python code.

• Explore Python’s major built-in object types such as numbers, lists, and dictionaries
• Create and process objects with Python statements, and learn Python’s general syntax model
• Use functions to avoid code redundancy and package code for reuse
• Organize statements, functions, and other tools into larger components with modules
• Dive into classes: Python’s object-oriented programming tool for structuring code
• Write large programs with Python’s exception-handling model and development tools
• Learn advanced Python tools, including decorators, descriptors, metaclasses, and Unicode processing

Buy : Learning Python, 5th Edition

PDF Link : Learning Python, 4th Edition

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Python Coding challenge - Day 88 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

In the given code, you have two tuples, a and b. a is a tuple containing three elements, and b is a tuple containing only one element. When you try to concatenate these tuples using the + operator, you might encounter an error.

Let's analyze the code:

a = (10, 20, 30)

b = (40)

print(a + b)

Here, the variable b is not a tuple; it's just an integer because a single-element tuple should have a comma after the element. To create a single-element tuple, you should write it as follows:

b = (40,)

Now, if you want to concatenate the two tuples, you can use the + operator:

a = (10, 20, 30)

b = (40,)

print(a + b)

The output will be:

(10, 20, 30, 40)

This code creates a new tuple by concatenating the elements of a and b.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 87 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Solution and Explanation: 

In Python, the is keyword is used to check if two variables refer to the same object in memory, while the == operator is used to check if the values of the two variables are equal.

In your example:

a = "Hello"

b = "Hello"

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")

print(f"a == b: {a == b}")

The output will be:

a is b: True

a == b: True

This is because string literals (like "Hello") are interned in Python, meaning that the interpreter will reuse the same object in memory for equal string literals. So, both a and b refer to the same string object in memory, and hence a is b is True. The == comparison also evaluates to True because the values of a and b are the same.

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what is the output of following Python code? 🧵:

 a = (1, 2, 3)  # tuple

b = (1, 2, 3)

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  # True

a = {1, 2, 3}  # set

b = {1, 2, 3}

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  # False

a = 1 + 2j  # complex number

b = 1 + 2j

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  # True

Let's break down each part of the code:

a = (1, 2, 3)  # tuple

b = (1, 2, 3)

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  # True

Here, you are creating two tuples a and b with the same values (1, 2, 3). Tuples are immutable in Python, and for small immutable objects like tuples, Python often optimizes and reuses the same object in memory. Therefore, a is b is True because both variables reference the same tuple object.

a = {1, 2, 3}  # set

b = {1, 2, 3}

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  # False

In this part, you are creating two sets a and b with the same values {1, 2, 3}. Unlike tuples, sets are mutable in Python. The optimization for reusing the same object in memory doesn't typically happen with mutable objects. Therefore, a is b is False because each set is a distinct object in memory.

a = 1 + 2j  # complex number

b = 1 + 2j

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  # True

In the last part, you are creating two complex numbers a and b with the same values 1 + 2j. Similar to tuples, complex numbers are immutable, so Python optimizes and reuses the same object in memory. Therefore, a is b is True because both variables reference the same complex number object.

In summary, the behavior of is and == depends on the type of objects being compared and whether they are mutable or immutable. For immutable objects, like tuples and complex numbers in your examples, is may evaluate to True because Python may reuse the same object in memory for efficiency. However, for mutable objects, like sets, is is more likely to evaluate to False because each object is distinct in memory. It's generally safer to use == for equality comparisons unless you specifically want to check object identity.

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a = 10 b = 10 print(f"a is b: {a is b}") print(f"a == b: {a == b}")

 

Code :

a = 10

b = 10

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")  

print(f"a == b: {a == b}")

Answer :

a is b: True

a == b: True

Solution and Explanation:

the code line by line:

a = 10

Here, you are assigning the value 10 to the variable a. This means that the variable a now refers to the integer object 10.

b = 10

Similarly, you are assigning the value 10 to the variable b. Like before, the variable b now refers to the same integer object 10. In Python, for small integers, the interpreter often optimizes and reuses the same object in memory.

print(f"a is b: {a is b}")

This line prints the result of the identity comparison using the is operator. It checks if the variables a and b refer to the exact same object in memory. Since integers are often optimized for small values, a is b will usually be True because both variables reference the same 10 object in memory.

print(f"a == b: {a == b}")

This line prints the result of the equality comparison using the == operator. It checks if the values of a and b are equal. Since both a and b have the value 10, a == b will be True.

In summary, the code demonstrates the difference between the is operator, which checks identity (whether two variables reference the exact same object), and the == operator, which checks equality (whether the values of two variables are the same). In this specific case with small integers, both comparisons evaluate to True.

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Calculate derivatives in Python

 

#!/usr/bin/env python

# coding: utf-8

# # Calculate derivatives in Python

# In[9]:

import sympy as sym

# In[11]:

x = sym.Symbol('x') # Symbolize X

func= x**4+4*x**2+5*x-6    # Function

sym.Derivative(func, x) # Derivative expression

# In[12]:

sym.Derivative(func, x, evaluate=True) # Calculate derivative of func

# In[13]:

func.diff(x)    # Or use this for the same

# In[14]:

# Create functions with lambdify

expr= sym.lambdify(x, func) 

expr_der=sym.lambdify(x, func.diff(x))

# In[15]:

print(f'value of func at x=5: {expr(5)}')

print(f'derivative of func at x=5: {expr_der(5)}')

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Bar Graph plot using different Python Libraries

 

#!/usr/bin/env python

# coding: utf-8

# # 1. Using Matplotlib library 

# In[1]:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data

categories = ['Category 1', 'Category 2', 'Category 3', 'Category 4']

values = [10, 25, 15, 30]

# Create a bar graph

plt.bar(categories, values)

# Adding labels and title

plt.xlabel('Categories')

plt.ylabel('Values')

plt.title('Bar Graph Example')

# Show the graph

plt.show()

#clcoding.com

# # 2. Using Seaborn library

# In[2]:

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data

categories = ['Category 1', 'Category 2', 'Category 3', 'Category 4']

values = [10, 25, 15, 30]

# Create a bar plot using Seaborn

sns.barplot(x=categories, y=values)

# Adding labels and title

plt.xlabel('Categories')

plt.ylabel('Values')

plt.title('Bar Plot Example')

# Show the plot

plt.show()

#clcoding.com

# # 3. Using Plotly library

# In[3]:

import plotly.express as px

# Sample data

categories = ['Category 1', 'Category 2', 'Category 3', 'Category 4']

values = [10, 25, 15, 30]

# Create an interactive bar graph using Plotly

fig = px.bar(x=categories, y=values, labels={'x': 'Categories', 'y': 'Values'}, title='Bar Graph Example')

# Show the plot

fig.show()

#clcoding.com

# # 4. Using Bokeh library

# In[4]:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

from bokeh.io import output_notebook

# Sample data

categories = ['Category 1', 'Category 2', 'Category 3', 'Category 4']

values = [10, 25, 15, 30]

# Create a bar graph using Bokeh

p = figure(x_range=categories, title='Bar Graph Example', x_axis_label='Categories', y_axis_label='Values')

p.vbar(x=categories, top=values, width=0.5)

# Show the plot in a Jupyter Notebook (or use output_file for standalone HTML)

output_notebook()

show(p)

#clcoding.com

# In[ ]:

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Python Coding challenge - Day 86 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code : 

s = set([1, 0, 2, 0, 3])

s.remove(0)

print(s)

Solution and Explanation: 

The remove() method in a set in Python removes the specified element. In your code:

s = set([1, 0, 2, 0, 3])

s.remove(0)

print(s)

It removes the element 0 from the set s. The output will be a set without the removed element:

{1, 2, 3}

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g = [1, 0, 2, 0, 3] g.remove(0) print(g)

 What is the output of following Python Code?

g = [1, 0, 2, 0, 3]

g.remove(0)

print(g)

A) [1, 0, 2, 3]

B) [1, 2, 3]

C) [1, 2, 0, 3]

D) [0, 2, 0, 3]

Solution and Explanation: 

The remove() method in Python removes the first occurrence of a specified value from a list. In the code you provided:

g = [1, 0, 2, 0, 3]

g.remove(0)

print(g)

The element 0 is removed from the list g, and the updated list is then printed. Therefore, the output will be:

[1, 2, 0, 3]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 85 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down the code:

my_list = [60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

result = my_list[4::-1]

print(result)

In this code, my_list is a list containing the elements [60, 70, 80, 90, 100]. The expression my_list[4::-1] is a slicing operation with the following parameters:

4 is the starting index, and it starts from the last element (index 4).

:: indicates the slicing with a step of -1, which means it goes backward.

So, my_list[4::-1] will start from index 4 and go backward with a step of 1, including the element at index 4 itself. Therefore, it will select elements in reverse order.

The result will be a new list containing the elements [100, 90, 80, 70, 60]. When you print the result, you'll get:

[100, 90, 80, 70, 60]

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result = min(0.0, -0.0) print(result)

 

Code :

result = min(0.0, -0.0)  

print(result)

Solution and Explanation :

Let's break down the provided code:

result = min(0.0, -0.0)

print(result)

min(0.0, -0.0): The min() function is used to determine the minimum value among the given arguments. In this case, the arguments are 0.0 and -0.0. Although mathematically, 0.0 and -0.0 are considered equal, in Python, they are treated as identical values. Therefore, the min() function will simply return the first occurrence, which is 0.0.

result = min(0.0, -0.0): The result of the min() function is assigned to the variable result.

print(result): This line prints the value stored in the variable result to the console. In this case, it will print 0.0.

So, when you run this code, the output will be:

0.0

Despite the fact that -0.0 is conceptually different in terms of sign, Python treats it as equal to 0.0 for most practical purposes, including comparisons and the min() function.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 84 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code :

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 

result = my_list[1:4:2] 

print(result)

Solution and Explanation : 

Let's break down the code:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Here, you have defined a list named my_list containing the elements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

result = my_list[1:4:2]

This line uses slicing to create a new list named result from my_list. The slicing syntax is start:stop:step. In this case:

start is 1

stop is 4 (exclusive, so it includes elements at indices 1 and 2)

step is 2

So, it starts at index 1, includes elements at indices 1 and 3 (skipping every other element because of the step), and stops before index 4.

Therefore, the result will be [2, 4].

print(result)

This line prints the value of result, which is [2, 4].

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Coding in Python: A Comprehensive Beginners Guide to Learn the Realms of Coding in Python (Free PDF)

 

Python Coding is not a book you can read while relaxing on the couch. This book is for those that are ready to start working right away to write your own codes. I do not recommend this book if you are the type of person who reads a book once and never opens it again because you think you have mastered the book's technical contents. Tech books are different from novels and other non-fiction books. They demand more than merely one reading. Buy this book if you have made up your mind to read it and practice it again and again.

This book will compel you to step into the practical world. What makes this book different from the other books is its specific features and contents. Let's take a look at both.

Features of the book:

• Practicality
• Easy-to-digest
• Clarity of concepts
• Simplicity of communication
• Clear examples

You'll discover...

• Python installation process
• Python data types
• Python lists
• Python tuples
• Python if, if-else, if-elif statements
• Python dictionaries and dictionary constructors
• Python functions
• Python for and while loops
• Python input function
• Python classes, child classes, import functions
• And more!

If you're interested in the practical application of learning to code with Python, then this book is for you.

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PDF Download :

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Machine Learning Applications Using Python: Cases Studies from Healthcare, Retail, and Finance (Free PDF)

 

Gain practical skills in machine learning for finance, healthcare, and retail. This book uses a hands-on approach by providing case studies from each of these domains: you’ll see examples that demonstrate how to use machine learning as a tool for business enhancement. As a domain expert, you will not only discover how machine learning is used in finance, healthcare, and retail, but also work through practical case studies where machine learning has been implemented. 

Machine Learning Applications Using Python is divided into three sections, one for each of the domains (healthcare, finance, and retail). Each section starts with an overview of machine learning and key technological advancements in that domain. You’ll then learn more by using case studies on how organizations are changing the game in their chosen markets. This book has practical case studies with Python code and domain-specific innovative ideas for monetizing machine learning. 

What You Will Learn

Discover applied machine learning processes and principles

Implement machine learning in areas of healthcare, finance, and retail

Avoid the pitfalls of implementing applied machine learning

Build Python machine learning examples in the three subject areas

Who This Book Is For

Data scientists and machine learning professionals.  

Buy : Machine Learning Applications Using Python: Cases Studies from Healthcare, Retail, and Finance

Free PDF :

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MichiganX: Python Data Structures (Free Course)

 

About this course

This course will introduce the core data structures of the Python programming language. We will move past the basics of procedural programming and explore how we can use the Python built-in data structures such as lists, dictionaries, and tuples to perform increasingly complex data analysis. This course will cover Chapters 6-10 of the textbook "Python for Everybody". This course covers Python 3.

What you'll learn

How to open a file and read data from a file

How to create a list in Python

How to create a dictionary

Sorting data

How to use the tuple structure in Python

Join Free : MichiganX: Python Data Structures

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Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

 

Data structures and algorithms are among the most fundamental concepts of Computer Science. Whether it’s real-world problems you’re trying to solve or the typical coding question asked in an interview, almost every problem requires you to demonstrate a deep understanding of data structures and algorithms.

This course is a detailed review of some of the most common data structures and algorithms that you’ll see in interviews and your everyday work. With implementation details, thorough explanations, and hands-on coding exercises, you’ll quickly gain the confidence you need to solve any problem, no matter the situation.

Syllabus: 

1. Introduction
2. Insertion
3. Deletion by Value
4. Deletion by Position
5. Length
6. Node Swap
7. Reverse
8. Merge Two Sorted Linked Lists
9. Remove Duplicates
10. Nth-to-Last Node
11. Count Occurrences
12. Rotate
13. Is Palindrome
14. Exercise: Move Tail to Head
15. Solution Review: Move Tail to Head
16. Exercise: Sum Two Linked Lists
17. Solution Review: Sum Two Linked Lists
18. Quiz

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What is the output of following Python code?

 What is the output of following Python code?

my_string = "Python"

result = my_string + my_string[2::2]

print(result)

Solution and Explanation: 

Let's break down the code:

my_string = "Python"

result = my_string + my_string[2::2]

print(result)

my_string is assigned the value "Python".

my_string[2::2] extracts a substring starting from index 2 (inclusive) with a step of 2. So, it takes every second character starting from the third character. In this case, it extracts the characters "to", resulting in the substring "to".

my_string + my_string[2::2] concatenates the original string "Python" with the extracted substring "to".

The final result is then printed.

The output of the code will be:

Pythonto

So, the value of result is "Pythonto".

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print(False+False) ?

 Code : 

print(False+False) 

Solution and Explanation : 

In Python, False is internally represented as the integer value 0. Therefore, when you use the + operator to add two False values, it's equivalent to adding 0 + 0, which results in 0.

Here's the code and its output:

print(False + False)

Output:

0

So, False + False evaluates to 0 in Python.

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print(True+True)

 Code :

print(True+True)

Solution and Explanation : 

In Python, True is internally represented as the integer value 1. Therefore, when you use the + operator to add two True values, it's equivalent to adding 1 + 1, which results in 2.

Here's the code and its output:

print(True + True)

Output:

2

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Python Coding challenge - Day 83 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code : 

list1 = [1, 2, 4, 3]

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(list1 != list2)

Solution and Explanation: 

The != operator in Python checks for inequality. In the given code, list1 and list2 are two lists with the same elements but in different orders. When you compare them using !=, the result is True because the order of elements matters in list comparison.

Here's a breakdown of the code:

list1 = [1, 2, 4, 3]

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(list1 != list2)

list1 contains elements [1, 2, 4, 3].

list2 contains elements [1, 2, 3, 4].

When comparing list1 and list2 using !=, it checks if the two lists are not equal.

The order of elements is different, so the result of the comparison is True.

The print statement outputs True.

If the order of elements in both lists were the same, the result would be False.

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