Fibonacci sequence in Python - 5 ways

 

import math

def fibonacci_closed_form(n):

    phi = (1 + math.sqrt(5)) / 2

    return round((phi**n - (-1/phi)**n) / math.sqrt(5))

# Define the number of Fibonacci numbers you want to print

num_terms = 5

# Print the Fibonacci sequence

for i in range(num_terms):

    print(fibonacci_closed_form(i))

#clcoding.com 

Explanation: 

The import math statement in Python allows you to access various mathematical functions and constants provided by the Python math module. These functions include trigonometric functions, logarithmic functions, and mathematical constants such as π (pi) and e.

In the given code snippet, import math is used to access the sqrt() function from the math module. This function calculates the square root of a number.

The fibonacci_closed_form() function uses the golden ratio (phi) and its inverse to compute the nth Fibonacci number using Binet's formula. Binet's formula is a closed-form expression that directly calculates the nth Fibonacci number without recursion or iteration.

Here's a breakdown of the fibonacci_closed_form() function:

It calculates the golden ratio (phi) using the formula (1 + math.sqrt(5)) / 2.

Then, it uses phi and its inverse (-1/phi) to compute the nth Fibonacci number using Binet's formula: 

​

Finally, it rounds the result using the round() function to get the nearest integer, which is the nth Fibonacci number.

The code then prints the Fibonacci sequence for a specified number of terms (num_terms) using a loop. Each iteration of the loop calls the fibonacci_closed_form() function to compute the nth Fibonacci number and prints the result.

def fibonacci_generator():

    a, b = 0, 1

    while True:

        yield a

        a, b = b, a + b

sequence = fibonacci_generator()

for _ in range(6):

    print(next(sequence))

#clcoding.com 

Explanantion: 

Let's break down the code:

def fibonacci_generator():

    a, b = 0, 1

    while True:

        yield a

        a, b = b, a + b

This defines a generator function fibonacci_generator(). Generators are special functions in Python that allow you to generate a sequence of values lazily, i.e., one at a time, rather than generating them all at once and storing them in memory.

Inside the function, two variables a and b are initialized to 0 and 1 respectively. These variables are used to generate the Fibonacci sequence.

The while True loop creates an infinite loop, which means the generator will continue generating Fibonacci numbers indefinitely.

Inside the loop, the yield keyword is used to yield (or produce) the current value of a, making this function a generator. yield pauses the function's execution and returns a value to the caller without exiting the function.

After yielding a, the values of a and b are updated for the next iteration of the loop. This simulates the Fibonacci sequence generation logic where each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers.

sequence = fibonacci_generator()

for _ in range(6):

    print(next(sequence))

Here, fibonacci_generator() is called to create a generator object named sequence. This generator object will produce Fibonacci numbers when iterated over.

Then, a loop runs six times, each time calling next(sequence). This retrieves the next value from the generator sequence. The _ variable is used as a placeholder for the loop variable, as its value is not used inside the loop. The print() function then prints each Fibonacci number generated by the generator function.

So, the output of this code will be the first six Fibonacci numbers:

0

1

1

2

3

5

And the generator will continue to generate Fibonacci numbers if you keep calling next(sequence).

def fibonacci_memoization(n, memo={}):

    if n in memo:

        return memo[n]

    if n <= 1:

        return n

    else:

        memo[n] = fibonacci_memoization(n-1, memo) + fibonacci_memoization(n-2, memo)

        return memo[n]

# Define the number of Fibonacci numbers you want to print

num_terms = 6

# Print the Fibonacci sequence

for i in range(num_terms):

    print(fibonacci_memoization(i))

    

#clcoding.com 

Explanation: 

This code implements the Fibonacci sequence using memoization to optimize performance by avoiding redundant calculations. Let's break down how it works:

def fibonacci_memoization(n, memo={}):

    if n in memo:

        return memo[n]

    if n <= 1:

        return n

    else:

        memo[n] = fibonacci_memoization(n-1, memo) + fibonacci_memoization(n-2, memo)

        return memo[n]

The function fibonacci_memoization takes two parameters: n, which is the index of the Fibonacci number to compute, and memo, which is a dictionary used to store previously computed Fibonacci numbers to avoid redundant calculations.

It first checks if the Fibonacci number for index n is already in the memo dictionary. If it is, it returns the value directly from the memo, avoiding recalculation.

If the Fibonacci number for index n is not in the memo, it proceeds to compute it.

If n is 0 or 1, it returns n directly since the Fibonacci sequence starts with 0 and 1.

Otherwise, it recursively computes the (n-1)th and (n-2)th Fibonacci numbers using memoization, adds them together, stores the result in the memo dictionary, and returns the result.

This memoization technique ensures that each Fibonacci number is computed only once, significantly reducing the number of recursive calls needed to generate the sequence.

# Define the number of Fibonacci numbers you want to print

num_terms = 6

# Print the Fibonacci sequence

for i in range(num_terms):

    print(fibonacci_memoization(i))

Here, num_terms specifies the number of Fibonacci numbers to print.

The for loop iterates num_terms times, computing and printing each Fibonacci number using the fibonacci_memoization function.

When you run this code, it will print the first six Fibonacci numbers:

0

1

1

2

3

5

And it will continue generating Fibonacci numbers indefinitely if you continue calling fibonacci_memoization(i).

def fibonacci_recursive(n):

    if n <= 1:

        return n

    else:

        return fibonacci_recursive(n-1) + fibonacci_recursive(n-2)

# Define the number of Fibonacci numbers you want to print

num_terms = 5

# Print the Fibonacci sequence

for i in range(num_terms):

    print(fibonacci_recursive(i))

#clcoding.com 

Explanation: 

This code defines a recursive function fibonacci_recursive to generate the Fibonacci sequence. Let's break it down:

def fibonacci_recursive(n):

    if n <= 1:

        return n

    else:

        return fibonacci_recursive(n-1) + fibonacci_recursive(n-2)

The function fibonacci_recursive takes a single argument n, which represents the index of the Fibonacci number to compute.

If n is less than or equal to 1, meaning it's either 0 or 1, the function returns n itself. This is because the Fibonacci sequence starts with 0 and 1.

If n is greater than 1, the function recursively computes the (n-1)th and (n-2)th Fibonacci numbers by calling itself with n-1 and n-2, respectively, and then adds them together to get the nth Fibonacci number.

# Define the number of Fibonacci numbers you want to print

num_terms = 5

# Print the Fibonacci sequence

for i in range(num_terms):

    print(fibonacci_recursive(i))

Here, num_terms specifies the number of Fibonacci numbers to print.

The for loop iterates num_terms times, starting from 0 and ending at num_terms - 1. In each iteration, it computes and prints the Fibonacci number for the current index using the fibonacci_recursive function.

When you run this code, it will print the first five Fibonacci numbers:

0

1

1

2

3

And it will continue generating Fibonacci numbers indefinitely if you continue calling fibonacci_recursive(i). However, recursive Fibonacci calculation can become inefficient for large values of n due to redundant computations.

def fibonacci_iterative(n):

    fib_sequence = [0, 1]

    for i in range(2, n+1):

        fib_sequence.append(fib_sequence[-1] + fib_sequence[-2])

    return fib_sequence

sequence = fibonacci_iterative(5)

print(sequence)

#clcoding.com 

Explanation: 

This code defines a function fibonacci_iterative to generate the Fibonacci sequence using an iterative approach. Let's go through it step by step:

def fibonacci_iterative(n):

    fib_sequence = [0, 1]

    for i in range(2, n+1):

        fib_sequence.append(fib_sequence[-1] + fib_sequence[-2])

    return fib_sequence

The function fibonacci_iterative takes a single argument n, which represents the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate.

It initializes a list fib_sequence with the first two Fibonacci numbers, 0 and 1.

It then enters a loop starting from index 2 (since the first two Fibonacci numbers are already in the list) up to n. In each iteration, it calculates the next Fibonacci number by adding the last two numbers in the sequence (fib_sequence[-1] and fib_sequence[-2]) and appends it to the list.

After the loop completes, the function returns the entire list fib_sequence containing the generated Fibonacci sequence.

sequence = fibonacci_iterative(5)

print(sequence)

This code calls the fibonacci_iterative function with n = 5 to generate the first 5 Fibonacci numbers.

It then prints the generated sequence.

When you run this code, it will print the first 5 Fibonacci numbers:

[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5]

This iterative approach is efficient and straightforward for generating Fibonacci numbers, especially for small values of n.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 170 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

def fibonacci_tail_recursive(n, a=0, b=1):

    if n == 0:

        return a

    elif n == 1:

        return b

    else:

        return fibonacci_tail_recursive(n - 1, b, a + b)

print(fibonacci_tail_recursive(7))  

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down the code step by step:

def fibonacci_tail_recursive(n, a=0, b=1):

This line defines a function called fibonacci_tail_recursive that takes three parameters: n, a, and b. n represents the term of the Fibonacci sequence to compute, while a and b represent the current and next terms of the sequence respectively. By default, a is set to 0 and b is set to 1.

    if n == 0:

        return a

    elif n == 1:

        return b

Here, the function checks if the input n is 0 or 1. If n is 0, it returns the current term a (which is 0). If n is 1, it returns the next term b (which is 1). These base cases terminate the recursion.

    else:

        return fibonacci_tail_recursive(n - 1, b, a + b)

If n is greater than 1, the function makes a recursive call to itself with the parameters (n - 1, b, a + b). This means it calculates the next term by adding the current term a to the next term b, and it decrements n by 1 to move closer to the base cases. This process continues until n reaches 0 or 1, at which point the function returns a or b respectively.

print(fibonacci_tail_recursive(7))

Finally, the function is called with n = 7, which computes the 7th term of the Fibonacci sequence using tail recursion. The result is printed to the console.

This code demonstrates a tail-recursive implementation of the Fibonacci sequence, where the recursive call is the last operation performed by the function. However, it's worth noting that Python's interpreter does not perform tail call optimization by default, so this tail-recursive implementation doesn't gain any performance benefits over a non-tail-recursive version in Python.

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Happy Eid Al-Fitr using Python

 

Code :

import pyfiglet

from termcolor import colored

import random

def eid_al_fitr_wishes():

    colors = ['red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white']

    ascii_art = pyfiglet.figlet_format("Eid Mubarak!", font="slant")

    print(colored(ascii_art, color=random.choice(colors)))    

# Call the function to display Eid-al-Fitr wishes

eid_al_fitr_wishes()

#clcoding.com

Explanation: 

Let me break down the code step by step:

import pyfiglet: This line imports the pyfiglet module, which is used for creating ASCII art text. In this script, the figlet_format() function from pyfiglet module is used to generate ASCII art for the text "Eid Mubarak!" with the specified font style ("slant").

from termcolor import colored: This line imports the colored() function from the termcolor module. The colored() function is used to add color to text printed in the terminal. It takes the text and color as arguments and returns the colored text.

import random: This line imports the random module, which provides functions for generating random numbers. It is used in this script to randomly select a color from the list of colors defined later.

def eid_al_fitr_wishes():: This line defines a function named eid_al_fitr_wishes(). This function encapsulates the logic for printing Eid-al-Fitr wishes with ASCII art and colored text.

colors = ['red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white']: This line defines a list named colors containing various color names.

ascii_art = pyfiglet.figlet_format("Eid Mubarak!", font="slant"): This line uses the figlet_format() function from the pyfiglet module to generate ASCII art for the text "Eid Mubarak!" with the specified font style ("slant"). The resulting ASCII art is stored in the variable ascii_art.

print(colored(ascii_art, color=random.choice(colors))): This line prints the ASCII art generated earlier with a randomly chosen color from the colors list. The colored() function applies the selected color to the ASCII art before printing it.

eid_al_fitr_wishes(): This line calls the eid_al_fitr_wishes() function, executing the code within it and printing the Eid-al-Fitr wishes with colored ASCII art.

That's a breakdown of the code provided. If you have any further questions or need clarification on any part, feel free to ask!

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IP Address Infromation using Python

 

Code : 

import os

import urllib.request as urllib2

import json

# Use a while loop to continuously prompt the user for the target IP address

while True:

    # Prompt the user to input the target IP address

    ip = input("What is your target IP: ")

    

    # Construct the URL for the ip-api.com JSON API

    url = "http://ip-api.com/json/"

    

    # Send a request to the ip-api.com API to retrieve the geolocation information

    response = urllib2.urlopen(url + ip)

    

    # Read the response data

    data = response.read()

    

    # Parse the JSON response data into a Python dictionary

    values = json.loads(data)

    

    # Print the geolocation information for the target IP address

    print("IP: " + values["query"])

    print("City: " + values["city"])

    print("ISP: " + values["isp"])

    print("Country: " + values["country"])

    print("Region: " + values["region"])

    print("Timezone: " + values["timezone"])

    

    # Exit the loop after printing the information once

    break

#clcoding.com 

Explanation: 

This code snippet is a Python script that continuously prompts the user to input a target IP address and then retrieves geolocation information for that IP address using the ip-api.com JSON API. Let's break down each part of the code:

import os: This imports the os module, which provides a way to interact with the operating system. However, it's not used in this particular snippet.

import urllib.request as urllib2: This imports the urllib.request module under the alias urllib2. This module provides functionality for making HTTP requests, which is used to fetch data from the ip-api.com API.

import json: This imports the json module, which provides functions for encoding and decoding JSON data.

The code then enters a while True loop, which means it will continue to run indefinitely until explicitly stopped.

Inside the loop, the user is prompted to input a target IP address using the input() function. The IP address is stored in the variable ip.

The URL for the ip-api.com JSON API is constructed as http://ip-api.com/json/.

A request is made to the ip-api.com API using urllib2.urlopen(), passing in the constructed URL along with the target IP address.

The response data is read using the read() method of the response object.

The JSON response data is parsed into a Python dictionary using json.loads(), storing the result in the variable values.

The geolocation information extracted from the JSON response is printed to the console, including the IP address, city, ISP, country, region, and timezone.

Finally, the loop breaks after printing the information once, effectively ending the program.

This script allows users to input a target IP address and quickly obtain geolocation information about it using the ip-api.com API.

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Plant Leaf using Python

 

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.linspace(0, 39*np.pi/2, 1000)

x = t * np.cos(t)**3

y = 9*t * np.sqrt(np.abs(np.cos(t))) + t * np.sin(0.2*t) * np.cos(4*t)

plt.plot(x, y, c="green")

plt.show()

#clcoding.com

Explanation: 

This code snippet is written in Python and utilizes two popular libraries for numerical computing and visualization: NumPy and Matplotlib.

Here's a breakdown of what each part of the code does:

import numpy as np: This line imports the NumPy library and allows you to use its functionalities in your code. NumPy is a powerful library for numerical computations in Python, providing support for arrays, matrices, and mathematical functions.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt: This line imports the pyplot module from the Matplotlib library, which is used for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in Python. It's typically imported with the alias plt for convenience.

t = np.linspace(0, 39*np.pi/2, 1000): This line generates an array t of 1000 equally spaced values ranging from 0 to 

39

�

2

2

39π

​

 . np.linspace() is a NumPy function that generates linearly spaced numbers.

x = t * np.cos(t)**3: This line computes the x-coordinates of the points on the plot. It utilizes NumPy's array operations to compute the expression 

�

×

cos

⁡

(

�

)

3

t×cos(t) 

3

 .

y = 9*t * np.sqrt(np.abs(np.cos(t))) + t * np.sin(0.2*t) * np.cos(4*t): This line computes the y-coordinates of the points on the plot. It's a more complex expression involving trigonometric functions and mathematical operations.

plt.plot(x, y, c="green"): This line plots the x and y coordinates as a line plot. The c="green" argument specifies the color of the line as green.

plt.show(): This line displays the plot on the screen. It's necessary to call this function to actually see the plot.

Overall, this code generates a plot of a parametric curve defined by the equations for x and y. The resulting plot will depict the curve in green.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define the parameter t

t = np.linspace(0, 39*np.pi/2, 1000)

# Define the equations for x and y

x = t * np.cos(t)**3

y = 9*t * np.sqrt(np.abs(np.cos(t))) + t * np.sin(0.2*t) * np.cos(4*t)

# Define the segment indices and corresponding colors

segments = [

    (0, 200, 'orange'),  # Green segment

    (200, 600, 'magenta'),   # Red segment

    (600, 1000, 'red')  # Orange segment

]

# Plot each segment separately with the corresponding color

for start, end, color in segments:

    plt.plot(x[start:end], y[start:end], c=color)

plt.show()

#clcoding.com 

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Playing a YouTube Video using Python

 

import pywhatkit

# Using Exception Handling to avoid unprecedented errors

try:

    # Ask the user to input the song name

    song = input("Enter Song Name: ")

    # Play a YouTube video corresponding to the search term entered by the user

    pywhatkit.playonyt(song)    

    # Print a success message if the video is played successfully

    print("Successfully Played!") 

except:

    # Handle exceptions and print an error message if any unexpected error occurs

    print("An Unexpected Error!")

Explanation:

Importing the Module: import pywhatkit imports the pywhatkit module, which provides various functionalities, including playing YouTube videos.

Exception Handling (try-except): The code is wrapped in a try block, which allows Python to attempt the code within it. If an error occurs during the execution of the code inside the try block, Python will stop executing that block and jump to the except block.

User Input: Inside the try block, the input() function prompts the user to enter the name of the song they want to play on YouTube. The entered song name is stored in the variable song.

Playing YouTube Video: The pywhatkit.playonyt() function is called with the song variable as an argument. This function opens a web browser and plays the YouTube video corresponding to the search term entered by the user.

Success Message: If the video is played successfully without any errors, the code inside the try block will execute completely, and the success message "Successfully Played!" will be printed.

Exception Handling (except): If any unexpected error occurs during the execution of the code inside the try block, Python will jump to the except block and execute the code within it. In this case, it simply prints the error message "An Unexpected Error!". This ensures that the program does not crash abruptly if an error occurs during video playback.

Overall, this code allows users to input the name of a song, and it plays the corresponding YouTube video while handling any unexpected errors that may occur during execution.

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Sending a WhatsApp Message using Python

 

# importing the module

import pywhatkit

# using Exception Handling to avoid unprecedented errors

try:

# sending message to receiver using pywhatkit

    pywhatkit.sendwhatmsg("+919767292502","Hello Python",21, 23)

    print("Successfully Sent!")

except:

# handling exception and printing error message

    print("An Unexpected Error!")

Here's what each part does:

Importing the Module: import pywhatkit imports the pywhatkit module, which provides various functionalities, including sending WhatsApp messages.

Exception Handling (try-except): The code is wrapped in a try block, which allows Python to attempt the code within it. If an error occurs during the execution of the code inside the try block, Python will stop executing that block and jump to the except block.

Sending WhatsApp Message: Inside the try block, the pywhatkit.sendwhatmsg() function is called to send a WhatsApp message. It takes four arguments: the recipient's phone number (including the country code), the message content, the hour of the day (in 24-hour format) at which the message will be sent, and the minute of the hour.

Success Message: If the message is sent successfully without any errors, the code inside the try block will execute completely, and the success message "Successfully Sent!" will be printed.

Exception Handling (except): If any unexpected error occurs during the execution of the code inside the try block, Python will jump to the except block and execute the code within it. In this case, it simply prints the error message "An Unexpected Error!". This ensures that the program does not crash abruptly if an error occurs during message sending.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 169 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

def sum(num):

    if num == 1:

        return 1

    return num + sum(num-1)

print(sum(4))

Solution and Explanantion: 

This is a recursive Python function named sum. It calculates the sum of integers from 1 to a given number (num). Let's break it down:

def sum(num)::

This line defines a function named sum that takes one argument, num.

if num == 1::

This is a base case for the recursion. It checks if the input num is equal to 1.

return 1:

If num is indeed 1, it returns 1. This is the base case of the recursion where the sum of integers from 1 to 1 is 1.

return num + sum(num-1):

If num is not equal to 1, it returns the sum of num and the result of calling sum recursively with num-1. This line adds the current value of num to the sum of all integers from 1 to num-1.

print(sum(4)):

This line calls the sum function with the argument 4, meaning it will calculate the sum of integers from 1 to 4.

Let's trace how this works with sum(4):

sum(4) calls sum(3)

sum(3) calls sum(2)

sum(2) calls sum(1)

sum(1) returns 1 (base case)

sum(2) returns 2 + 1 = 3

sum(3) returns 3 + 3 = 6

sum(4) returns 4 + 6 = 10

So, print(sum(4)) will output 10.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 168 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

value = my_dict.get('d', None)

print(value)

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down each line of the code:

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}: This line creates a dictionary called my_dict with three key-value pairs. Each key represents a letter ('a', 'b', 'c') and each corresponding value is an integer (1, 2, 3).

value = my_dict.get('d', None): This line retrieves the value associated with the key 'd' from the dictionary my_dict using the .get() method. If the key 'd' exists in the dictionary, it returns the associated value. If the key doesn't exist, it returns the default value provided, which in this case is None.

print(value): This line prints the value stored in the variable value. If the key 'd' exists in the dictionary, it will print the corresponding value. If the key doesn't exist, it will print None, as that is the default value provided.

So, in summary, the code first creates a dictionary my_dict, then it attempts to retrieve the value associated with the key 'd' from this dictionary. Finally, it prints the retrieved value (or None if the key doesn't exist in the dictionary).

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lambda Function in Various Scenarios

 

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Python Coding challenge - Day 167 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

value = my_dict.pop('d', 0)

print(value)

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down the code step by step:

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}: This line initializes a dictionary named my_dict with three key-value pairs. The keys are 'a', 'b', and 'c', and their corresponding values are 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

value = my_dict.pop('d', 0): The pop() method in Python is used to remove and return the value associated with a specified key. In this line, 'd' is the key being looked up in the dictionary. However, since 'd' is not a key in my_dict, the default value 0 is returned instead of raising a KeyError.

If the key 'd' exists in the dictionary, its corresponding value would be returned and removed from the dictionary.

If the key 'd' does not exist in the dictionary, the second argument of pop() (which is 0 in this case) is returned without modifying the dictionary.

Therefore, value will be assigned the value returned by pop(), which is 0.

print(value): This line prints the value stored in the variable value. Since value holds 0 (the default value returned by pop()), the output of this line will be 0.

So, the output of the code will be:

0

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Python Advanced Programming: The Guide to Learn Python Programming. Reference with Exercises and Samples About Dynamical Programming, Multithreading, Multiprocessing, Debugging, Testing and More

 

If you want to learn the most modern programming language in the world, then keep reading.

Python is an high-level programming language. It's a modern language, easy to learn and understand but very powerful.

It's a versatile programming language that is now being used on a lot of different projects, from world-class internet companies to small hobbyists, Python is extremely flexible and can be useful in a lot of different fields.

With Python, you can develop apps, games and any kind of software.

In fact, Python is one of the highest-demand skill for professional developers.

Python Advanced Programming approaches this programming language in a very practical method to make sure you can learn everything you need to start working with Python as soon as possible and to handle advanced feature of this unique language.

You will learn...

▸ Advanced procedural programming techniques

▸ What is Dynamic Code Execution

▸ Advanced OOP functions most developers are not aware of

▸ Functional-style programming with Python

▸ How to debug, test and profile your software

▸ How to handle multiple processes

▸ The best techniques to spread the workload on different threads

Paper Back : Python Advanced Programming: The Guide to Learn Python Programming. Reference with Exercises and Samples About Dynamical Programming, Multithreading, Multiprocessing, Debugging, Testing and More

PDF: Python Advanced Programming: The Guide to Learn Python Programming. Reference with Exercises and Samples About Dynamical Programming, Multithreading, Multiprocessing, Debugging, Testing and More

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Python Coding challenge - Day 166 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

set1 = {1, 2, 3}

set2 = {3, 4, 5}

print(set1 - set2)

Solution and Explanation:

The code snippet set1 = {1, 2, 3} and set2 = {3, 4, 5} initializes two sets: set1 containing elements {1, 2, 3} and set2 containing elements {3, 4, 5}.

When you perform the operation set1 - set2, you're using the set difference operator -, which returns a new set containing elements that are present in set1 but not in set2. In other words, it returns the elements that are unique to set1.

So, in this case, the output will be {1, 2} because the elements 1 and 2 are present in set1 but not in set2. The element 3 is common to both sets, so it is not included in the result.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 165 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down the code:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  # Define a list named my_list with elements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

my_list.remove(3)          # Remove the element with the value 3 from my_list

print(my_list)             # Print the modified my_list

Explanation:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]: This line initializes a list named my_list containing the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

my_list.remove(3): The remove() method is called on my_list with the argument 3. This method removes the first occurrence of the specified value from the list. In this case, it removes the element with the value 3 from my_list.

print(my_list): This line prints the modified my_list after the element with the value 3 has been removed. So, the output will be:

[1, 2, 4, 5]

After executing the code, my_list will contain the elements [1, 2, 4, 5], with the element 3 removed from it.

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Convert PDF files using Python

from gtts import gTTS

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader

def pdf_to_text(pdf_file):

    text = ""

    with open(pdf_file, 'rb') as f:

        reader = PdfReader(f)

        for page_num in range(len(reader.pages)):

            page = reader.pages[page_num]

            text += page.extract_text()

    return text

def text_to_audio(text, output_file):

    tts = gTTS(text)

    tts.save(output_file)

# Example usage:

pdf_file = "clcoding.pdf"

output_audio_file = "clcoding_audio.mp3"

text = pdf_to_text(pdf_file)

text_to_audio(text, output_audio_file)

#clcoding.com

Explanation: 

This code snippet is a Python script that converts text from a PDF file to an audio file using the Google Text-to-Speech (gTTS) library (gTTS) and the PyPDF2 library (PdfReader).

Here's a breakdown of what each part of the code does:

Importing Required Libraries:

from gtts import gTTS: This imports the gTTS class from the gtts module, which allows us to convert text to speech using Google Text-to-Speech.

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader: This imports the PdfReader class from the PyPDF2 library, which is used to read PDF files.

pdf_to_text(pdf_file) Function:

This function takes a PDF file path (pdf_file) as input.

It opens the PDF file in binary mode and creates a PdfReader object to read the content of the PDF.

It iterates through each page of the PDF (reader.pages) and extracts text from each page using the extract_text() method.

It concatenates all the extracted text from each page into a single string (text).

Finally, it returns the concatenated text.

text_to_audio(text, output_file) Function:

This function takes two arguments: the text to convert to audio (text) and the file path where the audio will be saved (output_file).

It creates a gTTS object (tts) by passing the input text.

It saves the generated audio file to the specified output file path.

Example Usage:

It defines the input PDF file (pdf_file) as "clcoding.pdf".

It defines the output audio file path (output_audio_file) as "clcoding_audio.mp3".

It calls the pdf_to_text() function to extract text from the PDF file.

It calls the text_to_audio() function to convert the extracted text to audio and save it to the specified output file.

The comment #clcoding.com is unrelated to the code and appears to be a note or reference to a website.

This script essentially converts the text content of a PDF file into audio, which could be useful for tasks such as creating audiobooks, generating voiceovers, or assisting users with reading disabilities.

import os

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader

from pdf2image import convert_from_path

def pdf_to_images(pdf_file, output_dir):

    images = []

    with open(pdf_file, 'rb') as f:

        reader = PdfReader(f)

        for page_num, _ in enumerate(reader.pages):

            # Convert each PDF page to image

            img_path = os.path.join(output_dir, f"page_{page_num}.png")

            images.append(img_path)

    return images

# Example usage:

pdf_file = "clcoding.pdf"

output_dir = "output_images"

if not os.path.exists(output_dir):

    os.makedirs(output_dir)

pdf_to_images(pdf_file, output_dir)

#clcoding.com

Explanation: 

This Python script converts each page of a PDF file into an image format (PNG) using the PyPDF2 library to read the PDF and the pdf2image library to perform the conversion.

Here's a breakdown of each part of the code:

Importing Required Libraries:

import os: This imports the os module, which provides functions for interacting with the operating system, such as creating directories.

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader: This imports the PdfReader class from the PyPDF2 library, which is used to read PDF files.

from pdf2image import convert_from_path: This imports the convert_from_path function from the pdf2image library, which is used to convert PDF pages to images.

pdf_to_images(pdf_file, output_dir) Function:

This function takes two arguments: the path to the input PDF file (pdf_file) and the directory where the output images will be saved (output_dir).

It initializes an empty list called images to store the file paths of the converted images.

It opens the PDF file in binary mode ('rb') using a context manager (with open(...) as f) and creates a PdfReader object (reader) to read the content of the PDF.

It iterates through each page of the PDF (reader.pages) using enumerate to get both the page number and the page object.

For each page, it generates a file path for the corresponding image in the output directory (output_dir) using os.path.join and appends it to the images list.

Finally, it returns the list of image file paths.

Example Usage:

It defines the input PDF file (pdf_file) as "clcoding.pdf".

It defines the output directory (output_dir) as "output_images".

It checks if the output directory does not exist (if not os.path.exists(output_dir)), and if not, it creates the directory using os.makedirs(output_dir).

It calls the pdf_to_images() function to convert the PDF pages to images and stores the list of image file paths.

The comment #clcoding.com is unrelated to the code and appears to be a note or reference to a website.

This script can be useful for tasks such as converting PDF pages to images for further processing or display, such as in document management systems, image processing pipelines, or for creating thumbnails of PDF documents.

import os

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader

import docx

def pdf_to_text():

    pdf_file = "clcoding.pdf"

    text = ""

    with open(pdf_file, 'rb') as f:

        reader = PdfReader(f)

        for page_num in range(len(reader.pages)):

            page_text = reader.pages[page_num].extract_text()

            text += page_text

    return text

def pdf_to_docx(output_file):

    text = pdf_to_text()

    doc = docx.Document()

    doc.add_paragraph(text)

    doc.save(output_file)

# Example usage:

output_docx_file = "output_docx.docx"

pdf_to_docx(output_docx_file)

#clcoding.com

Explanation:

This Python script converts the text content of a PDF file ("clcoding.pdf") into a Microsoft Word document (.docx) using the PyPDF2 library to extract text from the PDF and the python-docx library to create and save the Word document.

Here's a breakdown of each part of the code:

Importing Required Libraries:

import os: This imports the os module, which provides functions for interacting with the operating system, such as creating directories or checking file paths.

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader: This imports the PdfReader class from the PyPDF2 library, which is used to read PDF files.

import docx: This imports the docx module, which is part of the python-docx library, used for creating and manipulating Word documents.

pdf_to_text() Function:

This function reads the text content of the PDF file ("clcoding.pdf").

It initializes an empty string called text to store the extracted text.

It opens the PDF file in binary mode ('rb') using a context manager (with open(...) as f) and creates a PdfReader object (reader) to read the content of the PDF.

It iterates through each page of the PDF (reader.pages) using range(len(reader.pages)) to get the page number.

For each page, it extracts the text using the extract_text() method of the page object and appends it to the text string.

Finally, it returns the concatenated text.

pdf_to_docx(output_file) Function:

This function converts the extracted text from the PDF to a Word document.

It calls the pdf_to_text() function to get the text content of the PDF.

It creates a new docx.Document() object (doc) to represent the Word document.

It adds a paragraph containing the extracted text to the document using the add_paragraph() method.

It saves the document to the specified output file path using the save() method.

Example Usage:

It defines the output Word document file path (output_docx_file) as "output_docx.docx".

It calls the pdf_to_docx() function to convert the PDF text content to a Word document and save it to the specified output file.

The comment #clcoding.com is unrelated to the code and appears to be a note or reference to a website.

This script is useful for converting the text content of a PDF file to a Word document, which can be helpful for further editing or formatting. Make sure you have the necessary libraries installed (PyPDF2 and python-docx).

 import os

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader

import pandas as pd

def pdf_to_text():

    pdf_file = "clcoding.pdf"

    text = ""

    with open(pdf_file, 'rb') as f:

        reader = PdfReader(f)

        for page_num in range(len(reader.pages)):

            page_text = reader.pages[page_num].extract_text()

            text += page_text

    return text

def pdf_to_excel(output_file):

    text = pdf_to_text()

    lines = text.split('\n')

    df = pd.DataFrame(lines)

    df.to_excel(output_file, index=False, header=False)

# Example usage:

output_excel_file = "output_excel.xlsx"

pdf_to_excel(output_excel_file)

#clcoding.com

Explanation:

This Python script reads the text content of a PDF file ("clcoding.pdf") and then converts it into an Excel file (.xlsx) using the Pandas library. Here's a breakdown of each part of the code:

Importing Required Libraries:

import os: This imports the os module, which provides functions for interacting with the operating system, such as creating directories or checking file paths.

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader: This imports the PdfReader class from the PyPDF2 library, which is used to read PDF files.

import pandas as pd: This imports the Pandas library, often used for data manipulation and analysis.

pdf_to_text() Function:

This function reads the text content of the PDF file ("clcoding.pdf").

It initializes an empty string called text to store the extracted text.

It opens the PDF file in binary mode ('rb') using a context manager (with open(...) as f) and creates a PdfReader object (reader) to read the content of the PDF.

It iterates through each page of the PDF (reader.pages) using range(len(reader.pages)) to get the page number.

For each page, it extracts the text using the extract_text() method of the page object and appends it to the text string.

Finally, it returns the concatenated text.

pdf_to_excel(output_file) Function:

This function converts the extracted text from the PDF to an Excel file.

It calls the pdf_to_text() function to get the text content of the PDF.

It splits the text into lines using the newline character ('\n') and creates a list of lines.

It creates a Pandas DataFrame (df) from the list of lines.

It saves the DataFrame to an Excel file specified by the output_file parameter using the to_excel() method, without including the index or header.

Example Usage:

It defines the output Excel file path (output_excel_file) as "output_excel.xlsx".

It calls the pdf_to_excel() function to convert the PDF text content to an Excel file and save it to the specified output file.

The comment #clcoding.com is unrelated to the code and appears to be a note or reference to a website.

This script can be useful for extracting text data from PDF files and converting it into a structured format like an Excel spreadsheet for further analysis or manipulation. Make sure you have the necessary libraries installed (PyPDF2 and pandas).

import os

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader

from pptx import Presentation

def pdf_to_text():

    pdf_file = "clcoding.pdf"  # Using "clcoding.pdf"

    text = ""

    with open(pdf_file, 'rb') as f:

        reader = PdfReader(f)

        for page_num in range(len(reader.pages)):

            page_text = reader.pages[page_num].extract_text()

            text += page_text

    return text

def pdf_to_ppt(output_file):

    text = pdf_to_text()

    prs = Presentation()

    slides = text.split('\n\n')

    for slide_content in slides:

        slide = prs.slides.add_slide(prs.slide_layouts[1])

        slide.shapes.title.text = slide_content

    prs.save(output_file)

# Example usage:

output_ppt_file = "output_ppt.pptx"

pdf_to_ppt(output_ppt_file)

#clcoding.com

Explanation:

This Python script converts the text content of a PDF file ("clcoding.pdf") into a PowerPoint presentation (.pptx) using the PyPDF2 library to extract text from the PDF and the python-pptx library to create and save the PowerPoint presentation.

Here's a breakdown of each part of the code:

Importing Required Libraries:

import os: This imports the os module, which provides functions for interacting with the operating system, such as creating directories or checking file paths.

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader: This imports the PdfReader class from the PyPDF2 library, which is used to read PDF files.

from pptx import Presentation: This imports the Presentation class from the pptx module, which is part of the python-pptx library used for creating and manipulating PowerPoint presentations.

pdf_to_text() Function:

This function reads the text content of the PDF file ("clcoding.pdf").

It initializes an empty string called text to store the extracted text.

It opens the PDF file in binary mode ('rb') using a context manager (with open(...) as f) and creates a PdfReader object (reader) to read the content of the PDF.

It iterates through each page of the PDF (reader.pages) using range(len(reader.pages)) to get the page number.

For each page, it extracts the text using the extract_text() method of the page object and appends it to the text string.

Finally, it returns the concatenated text.

pdf_to_ppt(output_file) Function:

This function converts the extracted text from the PDF to a PowerPoint presentation.

It calls the pdf_to_text() function to get the text content of the PDF.

It creates a new Presentation() object (prs) to represent the PowerPoint presentation.

It splits the text into slides based on double newline characters ('\n\n').

For each slide content, it adds a new slide to the presentation using the add_slide() method, specifying the layout of the slide.

It sets the title of each slide to the slide content using the shapes.title.text property.

Finally, it saves the presentation to the specified output file path using the save() method.

Example Usage:

It defines the output PowerPoint file path (output_ppt_file) as "output_ppt.pptx".

It calls the pdf_to_ppt() function to convert the PDF text content to a PowerPoint presentation and save it to the specified output file.

The comment #clcoding.com is unrelated to the code and appears to be a note or reference to a website.

This script can be useful for converting the text content of a PDF file into a structured format like a PowerPoint presentation, which can be helpful for presentations or sharing information in a visually appealing format. Make sure you have the necessary libraries installed (PyPDF2 and python-pptx).

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Python Coding challenge - Day 164 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

g = [1, 2, 3, 4]

g.clear()

print(g)

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down the code step by step:

g = [1, 2, 3, 4]: This line initializes a list named g with four elements: 1, 2, 3, and 4.

g.clear(): This line calls the clear() method on the list g. The clear() method removes all the elements from the list, effectively making it empty.

print(g): Finally, this line prints the contents of the list g after it has been cleared. Since the clear() method removed all elements from g, the output will be an empty list [].

So, the code essentially clears all the elements from the list g and then prints an empty list [].

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Doughnut Plot using Python

 

import plotly.graph_objects as go

# Sample data

labels = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

values = [20, 30, 40, 10]

colors = ['#FFA07A', '#FFD700', '#6495ED', '#ADFF2F']

# Create doughnut plot

fig = go.Figure(data=[go.Pie(labels=labels, values=values, hole=.5, marker=dict(colors=colors))])

fig.update_traces(textinfo='percent+label', textfont_size=14, hoverinfo='label+percent')

fig.update_layout(title_text="Customized Doughnut Plot", showlegend=False)

# Show plot

fig.show()

#clcoding.com

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data

labels = ['Category A', 'Category B', 'Category C', 'Category D']

sizes = [20, 30, 40, 10]

explode = (0, 0.1, 0, 0)  # "explode" the 2nd slice

# Create doughnut plot

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90, shadow=True, colors=plt.cm.tab20.colors)

ax.axis('equal')  # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle

# Draw a white circle at the center to create a doughnut plot

centre_circle = plt.Circle((0, 0), 0.7, color='white', fc='white', linewidth=1.25)

fig.gca().add_artist(centre_circle)

# Add a title

plt.title('Doughnut Plot with Exploded Segment and Shadow Effect')

# Show plot

plt.show()

#clcoding.com

import plotly.graph_objects as go

# Sample data

labels = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

values = [20, 30, 40, 10]

# Create doughnut plot

fig = go.Figure(data=[go.Pie(labels=labels, values=values, hole=.5)])

fig.update_layout(title_text="Doughnut Plot")

# Show plot

fig.show()

#clcoding.com

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data

labels = ['Category A', 'Category B', 'Category C', 'Category D']

sizes = [20, 30, 40, 10]

# Create doughnut plot

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.pie(sizes, labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90, colors=plt.cm.tab20.colors)

ax.axis('equal')  # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle

# Draw a white circle at the center to create a doughnut plot

centre_circle = plt.Circle((0, 0), 0.7, color='white', fc='white', linewidth=1.25)

fig.gca().add_artist(centre_circle)

# Add a title

plt.title('Doughnut Plot')

# Show plot

plt.show()

#clcoding.com

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Python Coding challenge - Day 163 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down each line of code:

d = [1, 2]: This line initializes a list d with elements [1, 2].

e = (1, 2): This line initializes a tuple e with elements (1, 2).

print(tuple(d) + e): This line converts the list d into a tuple using the tuple() function, resulting in (1, 2), and then concatenates it with tuple e. This concatenation combines the elements of both tuples. Since tuples are immutable, a new tuple is created as the result of this operation. The output of this line will be (1, 2, 1, 2).

print(d + list(e)): This line converts the tuple e into a list using the list() function, resulting in [1, 2], and then concatenates it with list d. This concatenation combines the elements of both lists. Since lists are mutable, a new list is created as the result of this operation. The output of this line will be [1, 2, 1, 2].

So, the output of the entire code will be:

(1, 2, 1, 2)

[1, 2, 1, 2]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 162 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

let's break down the code:

a = 5: This line assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a.

b = "10": This line assigns the string "10" to the variable b.

print(a + int(b)): Here, int(b) converts the string "10" to an integer, resulting in 10. Then a + int(b) adds the integer value of b (which is 10) to the value of a (which is 5), resulting in 15. So, this line will print 15.

print(str(a) + b): Here, str(a) converts the integer a into a string, resulting in "5". Then "5" + b concatenates the string "5" with the string "10", resulting in "510". So, this line will print "510".

So, the output of the code will be:

15

510

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Happy Easter wishes using Python

 

import pyfiglet

from termcolor import colored

def wish_happy_easter():

    # Creating a colorful Happy Easter message using pyfiglet and termcolor

    easter_message = pyfiglet.figlet_format("Happy Easter!")

    colored_message = colored(easter_message, color='yellow', attrs=['bold'])

    

    # Additional colorful text

    additional_text = colored("\nWishing you a joyful and blessed Easter !")

    

    print(colored_message + additional_text)

wish_happy_easter()

#clcoding.com

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Python Coding challenge - Day 161 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

def fibonacci(n):

    if n <= 1:

        return n

    else:

        return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

print(fibonacci(6))

Solution and Explanation:

The provided code defines a Python function fibonacci(n) that computes the nth Fibonacci number recursively, and then prints the 6th Fibonacci number.

Here's how it works:

The fibonacci function takes an integer n as input.

It starts with a base case: if n is 0 or 1, it returns n itself. This is because the Fibonacci sequence starts with 0 and 1, and from there each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding ones.

If n is greater than 1, it recursively calls the fibonacci function for n-1 and n-2, and returns the sum of these two calls.

The function keeps recursively calling itself until it reaches one of the base cases, where it directly returns a value.

Finally, it prints the 6th Fibonacci number by calling fibonacci(6) and prints the result.

Let's walk through fibonacci(6):

fibonacci(6) calls fibonacci(5) and fibonacci(4).

fibonacci(5) further calls fibonacci(4) and fibonacci(3).

fibonacci(4) calls fibonacci(3) and fibonacci(2).

This process continues until it reaches the base cases (n <= 1).

Eventually, it computes the Fibonacci numbers for n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5, and n=6 and sums them up to get the 6th Fibonacci number.

So, when you run print(fibonacci(6)), it will output the 6th Fibonacci number, which is 8.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 160 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down the code snippet step by step:

class MyClass:

    def __init__(self):

        self.__x = 10

Here, we define a class named MyClass. It has a constructor method __init__ which initializes an instance variable __x with the value 10. The __x variable is prefixed with double underscores, making it a private variable.

obj = MyClass()

We then create an instance of the MyClass class called obj. This invokes the constructor method __init__() of the MyClass class, setting the __x attribute to 10.

obj.__x = 20

Here, we try to assign a value of 20 to the __x attribute of the obj instance. However, Python is dynamically typed, so this line actually creates a new attribute __x in the obj instance, distinct from the __x attribute defined in the class. Since the attribute in the class is private, it cannot be accessed or modified directly from outside the class.

print(obj.__x)

This line tries to print the value of the __x attribute of the obj instance. However, due to the previous line, there are now two __x attributes associated with the obj instance: one created in the class and another created directly in the instance. So, obj.__x refers to the newly created attribute __x in the instance, not the one defined in the class. Therefore, it prints 20.

In summary, even though the class MyClass has a private attribute __x, the code snippet demonstrates how Python's dynamic nature allows the creation of a new instance attribute with the same name, leading to confusion about which attribute is being accessed or modified.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 159 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

def bar(a, b=2, c=3):

    print(a, b, c)

bar(1)

bar(1, 4)

bar(1, c=5)

Solution and Explanation: 

let's go through each function call:

bar(1):

Here, only one argument a is passed, so a takes the value 1.

Since b and c have default values specified in the function definition (b=2 and c=3), they will take those values.

So, the output will be 1 2 3.

bar(1, 4):

Here, two arguments a and b are passed, so a takes the value 1 and b takes the value 4.

Since c has a default value specified, it will take that default value.

So, the output will be 1 4 3.

bar(1, c=5):

Here, two arguments a and c are passed, so a takes the value 1 and c takes the value 5.

Since b has a default value specified, it will take that default value.

So, the output will be 1 2 5.

In Python, when calling a function, arguments are assigned based on their position, unless you explicitly specify the name of the parameter (as in the third call). In that case, the argument is matched to the parameter name regardless of position. If a parameter has a default value, it can be omitted in the function call, and the default value will be used.

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