The Member function of the class can be defined in any one of the two places
1. Inside the class definition
2. Outside the class definition
Inside the class definition :
Here actual function definition is included within class definition:
Ex:
Class class_name
{
Data...
Thursday, 29 March 2018
Wednesday, 28 March 2018
Classes and Objects
Class :
Class is a user defined data type which is a collection of data members and member function together.
Wrapping of data members and member function together in a single unit is called as class.
Data Members gives the information...
Recursion
It is a special case of calling a function when a function calls itself again and again.It forms a chaining f calling a function.
For example:-
void main(void)
{
cout<<"Hello Dear";
main( ); /* recursive call */
}
When executed, this program will display "Hello" on the screen indefinitely.
Another useful example of recursion is...
Function Overloading
Overloading refers to the use of same thing for different purposes.
Function overloading is given by cpp.
Function overloading means using the same function to create different functions that performs variety of different task.
In function overloading, we design family of functions with one function name with different arguments list.
Function...
Default Arguments
C++ allows us to call a function without specifying all its arguments.
Default values are specified when function is declared.
Compiler looks at the prototype to see how many arguments, a function uses and alerts the program for possible default values.
Declaration of function with default values
float amt(float prin_amt, int period,...
Inline Functions
Every time a function is called, it takes a lot of extra time in executing series of instruction such as jumping to function, saving registers, returning to calling functions.And much execution time is spent in such operations to perform.
To eliminate the cost of calls and to increase execution speed, C++ gives new function called inline function.
Inline...
Call By Reference
In call by reference mechanism, instead of passing values to the function being called, reference/pointers to the original variables are passed.
Example: Program interchange values of two variables by call by reference mechanism.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int z;
z = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = z;
cout<<"Swapped...
Call By Value
The call by value method of passing arguments to a function copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.
By default, C++ uses call by value to pass arguments.In general, this means that code...
Tuesday, 27 March 2018
Characteristics of Good Programming Language
There are many programming languages, each corresponding to specific needs (formula calculus, character string processing, real-time, etc.) with each having specific characteristics and functionalities. Therefore, the choice of programming language depends above all on the requirements to be fulfilled as well as the existing resources for understanding...
Function Calls
A function cab be called by simply using function name followed by a list of actual parameters (or arguments) if any, enclosed in parentheses.
For example:
main( )
{
float m;
m = mul(5.2, 3.17); /* function call */
cout<<m
}
When compiler encounters the function call, it transfer program control to the function mul( ) by passing values 5.2 and...
Elements of user-defined Functions
There are some similarities exists between functions and variable in C++.
1. Both function name and variable names are considered as identifiers and therefore they must follow the rules of creating variable's name.
2. Like variable, function have data types associated with them.
3. Like variable, function names and their types must...
Function
A function is self-contained block of statements that performs particular task. C++ functions can be classified into two types:
Library functions
User-defined functions
The library...
Some Most Popular Programming Language
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
The name FORTRAN is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, because it was designed to allow easy translation of math formulas into code.
Often referred to as a scientific language, FORTRAN was the first high-level language, using the first compiler ever developed.Prior to the development of FORTRAN computer programmers...
High-level Programming Language Tools : Compiler , Linker , Interpreter
Compiler
Compiler is used to transform a program written in a high-level programming language from source code into object code.
Programmers write programs in a form called source code.Source code must go through several steps...
Jumps out of the Loop
The break statement
As we have already seen, the 'break' statement is used to exit out of the switch statement.It is having another useful application in loop control structures.That is, the 'break' statement is used to jump out of...
Monday, 26 March 2018
The Loop control Structures
Many times it is necessary to execute several statement repetitively for certain number of times. In such case, we can use looping statement of Cpp programming language. The statement are executed until a condition given is satisfied. Depending...
Sunday, 25 March 2018
Decision Making Statements
Many times in the program such condition occur when we want to take the exact decisions in order to make an error free program.This kind of situation can be handled using decision control instruction of cpp.It includes if-else statements...
Types of Programming Languages
We classify programming language by their level.
a) Natural Language.
b) Machine level Language
c) High-level Language
d) Assembly level Language
e) Scripting Language
Natural Language
A language spoken, written or signed by humans for general purpose communication.
Machine Level Language
It is the lowest-level programming language.
...
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